{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"institution":[{"name":"medRxiv"}],"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,9]],"date-time":"2026-09-09T20:13:59Z","timestamp":1788984839327,"version":"build-2803163510"},"posted":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,7]]},"group-title":"Epidemiology","reference-count":22,"publisher":"openRxiv","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,7]],"date-time":"2026-09-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788739200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"T.T.T.L, I.B., M.J., E.J-M, J.J., K.E.W., and D.M. were supported by the National Cancer Institute of the National Institutes of Health and the Food and Drug Administration Center for Tobacco Products","award":["2U54CA229974"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2U54CA229974"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>E-cigarettes are the second most commonly used nicotine product in the United States after cigarettes. Their role in smoking cessation remains debated. Further research is needed to clarify their potential impact on quitting combustible cigarette use.<\/jats:p>\n                <\/jats:sec>\n                <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>We analyzed data from adults aged 18 and older who participated in Wave 4 (12\/2016-01\/2018), Wave 5 (12\/2018-11\/2019), and Wave 7 (01\/2022-04\/2023) of the Population Assessment of Tobacco and Health Study. We employed a causal forest to estimate the associations between Wave 5 e-cigarette use and past 12-month cigarette smoking abstinence at Wave 7. Eligible participants had smoked at least 100 cigarettes in their lifetime at Wave 4, currently smoked cigarettes some days or every day at both Waves 4 and 5, completed follow-up at Wave 7, and had a substantial estimated probability of either vaping or not vaping at Wave 5. Analyses adjusted for 26 Wave 4 covariates, including demographic characteristics, tobacco use history, and other relevant factors.<\/jats:p>\n                <\/jats:sec>\n                <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Compared with no vaping, vaping on 1-5 days was associated with a 2.4 percentage-point lower probability of cessation (95% CI: -7.7 to 2.9), whereas vaping on 6-29 days and daily vaping were associated with increases of 7.5 percentage points (95% CI: -0.4 to 15.5) and 12.5 percentage points (95% CI: 6.2 to 18.7), respectively.<\/jats:p>\n                <\/jats:sec>\n                <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>The association between vaping and smoking cessation varied by vaping frequency. Compared with non-vaping, infrequent vaping was not significantly associated with subsequent cigarette abstinence, whereas more frequent vaping was associated with a greater likelihood of abstinence. Daily vaping showed the strongest positive association.<\/jats:p>\n                <\/jats:sec>\n                <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Implications<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>This study contributes to the ongoing debate about the role of e-cigarettes in smoking cessation. The findings suggest that vaping frequency may be an important factor in understanding whether e-cigarette use promotes smoking cessation, with more frequent vaping showing stronger associations with subsequent abstinence. Future research should further examine the conditions under which e-cigarette use may facilitate cessation and assess potential heterogeneity across population subgroups.<\/jats:p>\n                <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.64898\/2026.09.02.26362051","type":"posted-content","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,8]],"date-time":"2026-09-08T03:20:17Z","timestamp":1788837617000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Estimating the Effects of Vaping Frequency on Smoking Cessation Using PATH Study Data: A Causal Forest Approach"],"prefix":"10.64898","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3106-4045","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Thuy T. T.","family":"Le","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Health Management and Policy, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Erik","family":"Sverdrup","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Econometrics & Business Statistics, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8412-7727","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ruoyan","family":"Sun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Health Policy and Organization, School of Public Health, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Irina","family":"Bondarenko","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biostatistics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mohammed","family":"Jaffri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Evelyn","family":"Jimenez-Mendoza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jihyoun","family":"Jeon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Adam","family":"Leventhal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Population and Public Health Sciences, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrew","family":"Hyland","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Health Behavior, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, NY, United States"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kenneth E.","family":"Warner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Health Management and Policy, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David","family":"Mendez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Health Management and Policy, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"54368","reference":[{"key":"2026090912301782000_2026.09.02.26362051v1.1","unstructured":"T. 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