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However, the mechanisms driving CSF flow and its oscillatory dynamics remain poorly understood. Using high frame rate two-photon imaging (up to 113 Hz), we show that CSF flow is spatially heterogeneous and highly pulsatile, quantified using a regional CSF pulsatility index (PI). Reduced-order simulations with realistic domain length and Windkessel boundary conditions show that arterial pulsations generate peak CSF velocities but contribute negligibly to net transport. PI varies non-monotonically in space and substantially with downstream hydraulic resistance and compliance, indicating that CSF pulsatility is an emergent property of the hydraulic network rather than simply a consequence of local arterial wall motion. Measurements and simulations of the phase between arterial wall motion and CSF velocity further constrain proposed CSF driving mechanisms. Finally, we perform mouse-specific simulations to estimate average and peak wall shear stresses which support the potential role of pulsatile CSF flow in perivascular mechanotransduction. Together, these results establish CSF pulsatility as a measurable signature of network-scale CSF dynamics.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.64898\/2026.09.04.749497","type":"posted-content","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,11]],"date-time":"2026-09-11T21:50:19Z","timestamp":1789163419000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["High frame rate\n                  <i>in vivo<\/i>\n                  two-photon microscopy to quantify murine cerebrospinal fluid flow heterogeneity"],"prefix":"10.64898","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-0844-3323","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cooper","family":"Gray","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-8851-1774","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kaidi","family":"Hu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-4666-3801","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dorothea H.","family":"Tse","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA"},{"name":"Penn State Neuroscience Institute, The Huck Institutes of the Life Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kyle","family":"Dieterle","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Silas","family":"Simpson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neuroscience, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thomas","family":"Ruhl","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neuroscience, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kyle","family":"Duff","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daehyun","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA"},{"name":"Department of Bioengineering, Imperial College London, London, W12 0BZ, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mahsa","family":"Mirzaee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anika","family":"Volker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neuroscience, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Turki S.","family":"Alturki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neuroscience, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2083-0901","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jeffrey","family":"Tithof","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"54368","reference":[{"key":"2026091722300516000_2026.09.04.749497v2.1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.0619-21.2021"},{"key":"2026091722300516000_2026.09.04.749497v2.2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.smrv.2021.101572"},{"key":"2026091722300516000_2026.09.04.749497v2.3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.3003748"},{"key":"2026091722300516000_2026.09.04.749497v2.4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.1592-13.2013"},{"key":"2026091722300516000_2026.09.04.749497v2.5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-018-07318-3"},{"key":"2026091722300516000_2026.09.04.749497v2.6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"G. 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