{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"institution":[{"name":"bioRxiv"}],"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,23]],"date-time":"2026-10-23T21:19:06Z","timestamp":1792790346777,"version":"4.5.0"},"posted":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,12]]},"group-title":"Neuroscience","reference-count":150,"publisher":"openRxiv","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,12]],"date-time":"2026-09-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1789171200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke of the National Institutes of Health","award":["R21NS125372"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R21NS125372"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/01s5ya894","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"National Institute of General Medical Sciences of the National Institutes of Health","award":["T32 GM142630"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["T32 GM142630"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/04q48ey07","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>\n                  Pathologies of the spinal cord \u2013 from degenerative diseases to chronic pain \u2013 represent a substantial global health burden. Although surgical and pharmacological treatments for spinal cord pathologies have advanced considerably, therapies capable of addressing the cellular mechanisms underlying these conditions remain limited. Viral gene therapies present a compelling alternative, allowing for delivery of therapeutic genes that directly target the pathological processes in specific cell-types. Effective viral delivery to the spinal cord, however, remains constrained by a fundamental tradeoff between procedural invasiveness and spatial precision. As such, there remains a need for clinically tractable methods \u2013 that are both noninvasive and focal \u2013 to deliver gene therapeutics across the restrictive vascular boundaries of the blood-spinal cord barrier (BSCB). Here, we demonstrate noninvasive, focal disruption of the BSCB and delivery of systemically administered chemogenetic gene payloads to the cervical and thoracic spinal cord in marmoset nonhuman primates (\n                  <jats:italic>Callithrix jacchus<\/jats:italic>\n                  ) using focused ultrasound (FUS). Through systematic testing of ultrasonic pressures and central frequencies, we establish a FUS parameter set optimized for robust, spatially constrained molecular delivery across the marmoset BSCB. Using these optimized parameters, we show that FUS BSCB disruption permitted focal penetrance of systemically administered viral vectors for transduction of both fluorescent transgenes and excitatory chemogenetics within targeted spinal segments. Positron emission tomography (PET) imaging following chemogenetic actuation revealed significantly increased metabolic demand within the targeted region of the spinal cord, demonstrating\n                  <jats:italic>in vivo<\/jats:italic>\n                  evidence of functional transgene expression. Behavioral and histopathological assessments demonstrated preserved neurological function and tissue integrity, supporting the safety of FUS BSCB disruption and viral delivery in nonhuman primates. To facilitate broad application of this platform for noninvasive delivery of receptor-based gene therapeutics in marmosets, we generated an ultra-high-resolution (74 \u00b5m) multimodal MRI\/CT spinal cord template for precise targeting and anatomical localization. We also provide open-access engineering drawings and CAD files for our M-FRAME system (Marmoset Fixation and Reorientation Apparatus for Multimodal Experiments), enabling precise and repeatable spinal targeting without surgical fixation. Together, these results establish FUS-mediated BSCB disruption as a safe and effective approach for noninvasive, focal gene delivery to the primate spinal cord.\n                <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.64898\/2026.09.05.749619","type":"posted-content","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,13]],"date-time":"2026-09-13T05:15:11Z","timestamp":1789276511000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Noninvasive Focal Gene Delivery of Functional Neural Actuators to the Primate Spinal Cord using Focused Ultrasound"],"prefix":"10.64898","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7403-0750","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"M. R.","family":"Corigliano","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurobiology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"S. S.","family":"Guretse","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurobiology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA"},{"name":"Department of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"N. T.","family":"Nosenchuck","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurobiology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"I.","family":"Zimmermann Rollin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"L.","family":"Letica","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurobiology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"D.","family":"Szczupak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurobiology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"V. P.","family":"Campos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurobiology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"L.","family":"Liang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA"},{"name":"Rehab Neural Engineering Labs, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"M.C.","family":"Noh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurobiology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"T. K.","family":"Hitchens","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurobiology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"E.","family":"Pirondini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA"},{"name":"Rehab Neural Engineering Labs, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA"},{"name":"Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"R.","family":"Seal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurobiology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"M. K.","family":"Lin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurobiology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"D.J.","family":"Schaeffer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurobiology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA"},{"name":"Department of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"54368","reference":[{"key":"2026091515300614000_2026.09.05.749619v1.1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/21925682251370639"},{"key":"2026091515300614000_2026.09.05.749619v1.2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/j.pain.0000000000000314"},{"key":"2026091515300614000_2026.09.05.749619v1.3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0304-3959(98)00117-1"},{"key":"2026091515300614000_2026.09.05.749619v1.4","unstructured":"Ospina, M. & Harstall, C. Prevalence of Chronic Pain: An Overview. (2002)."},{"key":"2026091515300614000_2026.09.05.749619v1.5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.mm6736a2"},{"key":"2026091515300614000_2026.09.05.749619v1.6","unstructured":"Center for Substance Abuse Treatment. Managing Chronic Pain in Adults With or in Recovery From Substance Use Disorders. Rockville (MD): Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (US); 2012. (Treatment Improvement Protocol (TIP) Series, No. 54.) Available from: https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/books\/NBK92048\/"},{"key":"2026091515300614000_2026.09.05.749619v1.7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.22038\/abjs.2023.73944.3424"},{"key":"2026091515300614000_2026.09.05.749619v1.8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.xcrm.2024.101756"},{"key":"2026091515300614000_2026.09.05.749619v1.9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.expneurol.2022.114102"},{"key":"2026091515300614000_2026.09.05.749619v1.10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1706198"},{"key":"2026091515300614000_2026.09.05.749619v1.11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(21)00001-6"},{"key":"2026091515300614000_2026.09.05.749619v1.12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-022-01866-4"},{"key":"2026091515300614000_2026.09.05.749619v1.13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(21)00251-9"},{"key":"2026091515300614000_2026.09.05.749619v1.14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/CM9.0000000000003210"},{"key":"2026091515300614000_2026.09.05.749619v1.15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12519-025-00955-x"},{"key":"2026091515300614000_2026.09.05.749619v1.16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2307952"},{"key":"2026091515300614000_2026.09.05.749619v1.17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2025.106044"},{"key":"2026091515300614000_2026.09.05.749619v1.18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.22446"},{"key":"2026091515300614000_2026.09.05.749619v1.19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jneumeth.2011.08.003"},{"key":"2026091515300614000_2026.09.05.749619v1.20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.4369-13.2014"},{"key":"2026091515300614000_2026.09.05.749619v1.21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.expneurol.2020.113232"},{"key":"2026091515300614000_2026.09.05.749619v1.22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms4338"},{"key":"2026091515300614000_2026.09.05.749619v1.23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fcell.2020.591883"},{"key":"2026091515300614000_2026.09.05.749619v1.24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awm049"},{"key":"2026091515300614000_2026.09.05.749619v1.25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/neu.2018.6103"},{"key":"2026091515300614000_2026.09.05.749619v1.26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.1442-07.2007"},{"key":"2026091515300614000_2026.09.05.749619v1.27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.expneurol.2012.09.011"},{"key":"2026091515300614000_2026.09.05.749619v1.28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/BRS.0b013e3182600ef7"},{"key":"2026091515300614000_2026.09.05.749619v1.29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroscience.2014.04.041"},{"key":"2026091515300614000_2026.09.05.749619v1.30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jnr.21627"},{"key":"2026091515300614000_2026.09.05.749619v1.31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.expneurol.2016.05.021"},{"key":"2026091515300614000_2026.09.05.749619v1.32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1096\/fj.202001657RR"},{"key":"2026091515300614000_2026.09.05.749619v1.33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.0719-15.2015"},{"key":"2026091515300614000_2026.09.05.749619v1.34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fnmol.2016.00049"},{"key":"2026091515300614000_2026.09.05.749619v1.35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1015239108"},{"key":"2026091515300614000_2026.09.05.749619v1.36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/hmg\/ddv383"},{"key":"2026091515300614000_2026.09.05.749619v1.37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.2832-14.2015"},{"key":"2026091515300614000_2026.09.05.749619v1.38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.1888-18.2018"},{"key":"2026091515300614000_2026.09.05.749619v1.39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2012.11.013"},{"key":"2026091515300614000_2026.09.05.749619v1.40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1460-9568.2004.03595.x"},{"key":"2026091515300614000_2026.09.05.749619v1.41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ymthe.2018.04.022"},{"key":"2026091515300614000_2026.09.05.749619v1.42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.gt.3301430"},{"key":"2026091515300614000_2026.09.05.749619v1.43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nn.3438"},{"key":"2026091515300614000_2026.09.05.749619v1.44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nbt.2834"},{"key":"2026091515300614000_2026.09.05.749619v1.45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/mt.2012.169"},{"key":"2026091515300614000_2026.09.05.749619v1.46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/hum.2005.16.271"},{"key":"2026091515300614000_2026.09.05.749619v1.47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1744-8069-2-6"},{"key":"2026091515300614000_2026.09.05.749619v1.48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/brb3.587"},{"key":"2026091515300614000_2026.09.05.749619v1.49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms12531"},{"key":"2026091515300614000_2026.09.05.749619v1.50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1172\/jci173537"},{"key":"2026091515300614000_2026.09.05.749619v1.51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.aay9056"},{"key":"2026091515300614000_2026.09.05.749619v1.52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awx201"},{"key":"2026091515300614000_2026.09.05.749619v1.53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1523\/ENEURO.0151-23.2023"},{"key":"2026091515300614000_2026.09.05.749619v1.54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.00649-08"},{"key":"2026091515300614000_2026.09.05.749619v1.55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/genes13081370"},{"key":"2026091515300614000_2026.09.05.749619v1.56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12178-008-9035-2"},{"key":"2026091515300614000_2026.09.05.749619v1.57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.22421"},{"key":"2026091515300614000_2026.09.05.749619v1.58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/jcbfm.2012.113"},{"key":"2026091515300614000_2026.09.05.749619v1.59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nn.4593"},{"key":"2026091515300614000_2026.09.05.749619v1.60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nbt.3440"},{"key":"2026091515300614000_2026.09.05.749619v1.61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2022.05.003"},{"key":"2026091515300614000_2026.09.05.749619v1.62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-023-38582-7"},{"key":"2026091515300614000_2026.09.05.749619v1.63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41565-023-01419-x"},{"key":"2026091515300614000_2026.09.05.749619v1.64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/gt.2012.101"},{"key":"2026091515300614000_2026.09.05.749619v1.65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/mtm.2014.51"},{"key":"2026091515300614000_2026.09.05.749619v1.66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.crmeth.2026.101427"},{"key":"2026091515300614000_2026.09.05.749619v1.67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.crmeth.2024.100709"},{"key":"2026091515300614000_2026.09.05.749619v1.68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.adf4888"},{"key":"2026091515300614000_2026.09.05.749619v1.69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/advs.75307"},{"key":"2026091515300614000_2026.09.05.749619v1.70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/mtna.2012.64"},{"key":"2026091515300614000_2026.09.05.749619v1.71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1586\/14737175.2015.1028369"},{"key":"2026091515300614000_2026.09.05.749619v1.72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1148\/radiol.2202001804"},{"key":"2026091515300614000_2026.09.05.749619v1.73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4103\/1673-5374.221162"},{"key":"2026091515300614000_2026.09.05.749619v1.74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ultrasmedbio.2021.03.007"},{"key":"2026091515300614000_2026.09.05.749619v1.75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/tbme.2019.2936972"},{"key":"2026091515300614000_2026.09.05.749619v1.76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4395","DOI":"10.1002\/mp.14947","article-title":"Technical Note: Quantification of blood-spinal cord barrier permeability after application of magnetic resonance-guided focused ultrasound in spinal cord injury","volume":"48","year":"2021","journal-title":"Medical Physics"},{"key":"2026091515300614000_2026.09.05.749619v1.77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3791\/65113"},{"key":"2026091515300614000_2026.09.05.749619v1.78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1063\/1.3131425"},{"key":"2026091515300614000_2026.09.05.749619v1.79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ultrasmedbio.2019.05.022"},{"key":"2026091515300614000_2026.09.05.749619v1.80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7150\/thno.46821"},{"key":"2026091515300614000_2026.09.05.749619v1.81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bas.2025.104298"},{"key":"2026091515300614000_2026.09.05.749619v1.82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-27335-y"},{"key":"2026091515300614000_2026.09.05.749619v1.83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-83874-x"},{"key":"2026091515300614000_2026.09.05.749619v1.84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jgm.793"},{"key":"2026091515300614000_2026.09.05.749619v1.85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jconrel.2006.10.026"},{"key":"2026091515300614000_2026.09.05.749619v1.86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/gt.2015.25"},{"key":"2026091515300614000_2026.09.05.749619v1.87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.zool.2017.06.004"},{"key":"2026091515300614000_2026.09.05.749619v1.88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s42003-023-05185-3"},{"key":"2026091515300614000_2026.09.05.749619v1.89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-021-26976-4"},{"key":"2026091515300614000_2026.09.05.749619v1.90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2019.116147"},{"key":"2026091515300614000_2026.09.05.749619v1.91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2003181117"},{"key":"2026091515300614000_2026.09.05.749619v1.92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-020-18692-2"},{"key":"2026091515300614000_2026.09.05.749619v1.93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.1786-19.2019"},{"key":"2026091515300614000_2026.09.05.749619v1.94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/alz.13806"},{"key":"2026091515300614000_2026.09.05.749619v1.95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/trc2.12417"},{"key":"2026091515300614000_2026.09.05.749619v1.96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1523\/eneuro.0250-16.2017"},{"key":"2026091515300614000_2026.09.05.749619v1.97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1242\/dmm.052470"},{"key":"2026091515300614000_2026.09.05.749619v1.98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2020.548002"},{"key":"2026091515300614000_2026.09.05.749619v1.99","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0700293104"},{"key":"2026091515300614000_2026.09.05.749619v1.100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-021-20980-4"},{"key":"2026091515300614000_2026.09.05.749619v1.101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-020-19914-3"},{"key":"2026091515300614000_2026.09.05.749619v1.102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.expneurol.2018.03.005"},{"key":"2026091515300614000_2026.09.05.749619v1.103","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2021.10.019"},{"key":"2026091515300614000_2026.09.05.749619v1.104","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1101\/2025.07.31.667966"},{"key":"2026091515300614000_2026.09.05.749619v1.105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.105815"},{"key":"2026091515300614000_2026.09.05.749619v1.106","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41593-020-0661-3"},{"key":"2026091515300614000_2026.09.05.749619v1.107","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.1657-21.2021"},{"key":"2026091515300614000_2026.09.05.749619v1.108","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2016.01.040"},{"key":"2026091515300614000_2026.09.05.749619v1.109","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nn.2703"},{"key":"2026091515300614000_2026.09.05.749619v1.110","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2009.06.014"},{"key":"2026091515300614000_2026.09.05.749619v1.111","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.coph.2022.102204"},{"key":"2026091515300614000_2026.09.05.749619v1.112","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.isci.2021.103066"},{"key":"2026091515300614000_2026.09.05.749619v1.113","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41551-018-0258-2"},{"key":"2026091515300614000_2026.09.05.749619v1.114","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1162\/imag_a_00483"},{"key":"2026091515300614000_2026.09.05.749619v1.115","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ultrasmedbio.2007.10.016"},{"key":"2026091515300614000_2026.09.05.749619v1.116","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/mt.2011.157"},{"key":"2026091515300614000_2026.09.05.749619v1.117","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neures.2014.09.002"},{"key":"2026091515300614000_2026.09.05.749619v1.118","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/neur.1996.0036"},{"key":"2026091515300614000_2026.09.05.749619v1.119","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neures.2014.12.012"},{"key":"2026091515300614000_2026.09.05.749619v1.120","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5152\/akd.2015.6061"},{"key":"2026091515300614000_2026.09.05.749619v1.121","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.00895-06"},{"key":"2026091515300614000_2026.09.05.749619v1.122","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/hum.2018.015"},{"key":"2026091515300614000_2026.09.05.749619v1.123","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-024-48974-y"},{"key":"2026091515300614000_2026.09.05.749619v1.124","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neulet.2017.11.049"},{"key":"2026091515300614000_2026.09.05.749619v1.125","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jneumeth.2024.110133"},{"key":"2026091515300614000_2026.09.05.749619v1.126","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TBME.2019.2912146"},{"key":"2026091515300614000_2026.09.05.749619v1.127","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TUFFC.2018.2872171"},{"key":"2026091515300614000_2026.09.05.749619v1.128","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.crmeth.2026.101427"},{"key":"2026091515300614000_2026.09.05.749619v1.129","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00004424-199107000-00012"},{"key":"2026091515300614000_2026.09.05.749619v1.130","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/cbmr.1996.0014"},{"key":"2026091515300614000_2026.09.05.749619v1.131","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1099-1492(199706\/08)10:4\/5<171::AID-NBM453>3.0.CO;2-L"},{"key":"2026091515300614000_2026.09.05.749619v1.132","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jneumeth.2016.03.001"},{"key":"2026091515300614000_2026.09.05.749619v1.133","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2011.09.015"},{"key":"2026091515300614000_2026.09.05.749619v1.134","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2004.07.051"},{"key":"2026091515300614000_2026.09.05.749619v1.135","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/cercor\/bhad394"},{"key":"2026091515300614000_2026.09.05.749619v1.136","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nicl.2021.102655"},{"key":"2026091515300614000_2026.09.05.749619v1.137","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Foi, A. in 2011 IEEE International Symposium on Biomedical Imaging: From Nano to Macro. 1809\u20131814.","DOI":"10.1109\/ISBI.2011.5872758"},{"key":"2026091515300614000_2026.09.05.749619v1.138","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TIP.2012.2210725"},{"key":"2026091515300614000_2026.09.05.749619v1.139","unstructured":"Furey, Edward \u201cDistance Calculator 3D\u201d at https:\/\/www.calculatorsoup.com\/calculators\/geometry-solids\/distance-two-points.php from CalculatorSoup, https:\/\/www.calculatorsoup.com Online Calculators"},{"key":"2026091515300614000_2026.09.05.749619v1.140","unstructured":"R Core Team (2023). _R: A Language and Environment for Statistical Computing_. R Foundation for Statistical Computing, Vienna, Austria. <https:\/\/www.R-project.org\/>."},{"key":"2026091515300614000_2026.09.05.749619v1.141","unstructured":"RStudio: Integrated Development Environment for R (Posit Software, PBC, Boston, MA, 2025)."},{"key":"2026091515300614000_2026.09.05.749619v1.142","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18637\/jss.v067.i01"},{"key":"2026091515300614000_2026.09.05.749619v1.143","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18637\/jss.v082.i13"},{"key":"2026091515300614000_2026.09.05.749619v1.144","unstructured":"Kassambara A (2023). _rstatix: Pipe-Friendly Framework for Basic Statistical Tests_. R package version 0.7.2, <https:\/\/CRAN.R-project.org\/package=rstatix>."},{"key":"2026091515300614000_2026.09.05.749619v1.145","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0102363"},{"key":"2026091515300614000_2026.09.05.749619v1.146","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.40042"},{"key":"2026091515300614000_2026.09.05.749619v1.147","unstructured":"Nissl, F . Ueber eine neue Untersuchungsmethode des Centralorgans speziell zur Feststeliung der Localisation der Nervenzellen. Neurol. Centralbl. Bd 13 (1894)."},{"key":"2026091515300614000_2026.09.05.749619v1.148","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1369\/jhc.2008.950246"},{"key":"2026091515300614000_2026.09.05.749619v1.149","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/cne.24946"},{"key":"2026091515300614000_2026.09.05.749619v1.150","unstructured":"Penny, W. D. , Friston, K. J. , Ashburner, J. T. , Kiebel, S. J. & Nichols, T. E . Statistical parametric mapping: the analysis of functional brain images. (Elsevier, 2011)."}],"container-title":[],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/syndication.highwire.org\/content\/doi\/10.64898\/2026.09.05.749619","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,15]],"date-time":"2026-09-15T22:30:18Z","timestamp":1789511418000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/biorxiv.org\/lookup\/doi\/10.64898\/2026.09.05.749619"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,12]]},"references-count":150,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.64898\/2026.09.05.749619","relation":{},"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,12]]},"subtype":"preprint"}}