{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"institution":[{"name":"bioRxiv"}],"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,23]],"date-time":"2026-10-23T21:19:09Z","timestamp":1792790349484,"version":"4.5.0"},"posted":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,10]]},"group-title":"Bioengineering","reference-count":31,"publisher":"openRxiv","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,10]],"date-time":"2026-09-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788998400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nd\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Institute of Health","award":["R01-EY-035227"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01-EY-035227"]}]},{"name":"National Institute of Health","award":["P30-EY-026877"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P30-EY-026877"]}]},{"award":["W81XWH-22-1-0933"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["W81XWH-22-1-0933"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/0447fe631","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"AFOSR","award":["FA9550-24-1-0138"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FA9550-24-1-0138"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/011e9bt93","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"award":["ECCS-2026822"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ECCS-2026822"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/021nxhr62","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"RAEng Chair in Emerging Technologies","id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/0008ahc55","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"Rhona Reid Charitable Trust"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,14]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Photovoltaic subretinal prosthesis, PRIMA, provides central vision to patients blinded by age-related macular degeneration, with acuity matching the 100 \u03bcm pixel size. Further miniaturization requires pillar electrodes to position the stimulating surfaces closer to the inner retinal neurons. While such structures can be electroplated in gold and coated on their tops with SIROF, the exposed gold sidewalls are not biocompatible. Sputtering or atomic layer deposition of protective coatings are unsuitable for selectively passivating the pillar structures without also coating the photosensitive regions and return electrodes of the implant.<\/jats:p>\n                <jats:p>\n                  Here, we present a strategy for biocompatible coating of pillar sidewalls while preserving surrounding implant functionality. The approach combines non-critical photoresist lithography to protect planar return electrodes with electrodeposition of TiO\u2082 or Pt onto gold pillar sidewalls. In-vivo studies demonstrated that both TiO\u2082 and Pt coatings are biocompatible and prevent adverse reactions of the retinal tissue to gold. Since specific capacitance of electroplated TiO\u2082 (25 \u03bcF\/cm\u00b2) is much lower than that of Pt (240 \u03bcF\/cm\n                  <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                  ), the former better limits the current from the side walls and ensures that charge injection occurs predominantly through the pillar tops coated with SIROF (\u223c6 mF\/cm\u00b2).\n                <\/jats:p>\n                <jats:p>Electrodeposition, combined with noncritical photolithography provides a scalable wafer-level solution for fabrication of biocompatible three-dimensional electro-neural interfaces, addressing a critical bottleneck in bioelectronics.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.64898\/2026.09.06.749620","type":"posted-content","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,11]],"date-time":"2026-09-11T14:45:18Z","timestamp":1789137918000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Electrodeposited Biocompatible Coatings for 3D Electrodes on Retinal Prostheses"],"prefix":"10.64898","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6614-4424","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Viktoryia","family":"Shautsova","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Materials Science and Engineering, College of Optics and Photonics (CREOL), University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1622-3818","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Emma","family":"Butt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Photonics, Department of Physics, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2824-1899","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mohajeet","family":"Bhuckory","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Linh Mai","family":"Vu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-6637-2124","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Davis","family":"Pham-Howard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA"},{"name":"Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-4400-6895","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vladimir","family":"Mamchik","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ludwig","family":"Galambos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jeonghyun","family":"An","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9323-189X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andrew","family":"Shin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9517-8076","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Keith","family":"Mathieson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Photonics, Department of Physics, 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