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Building on our previous mapping of evolutionarily conserved spike \u201ccoldspots\u201d, we isolated human monoclonal antibodies targeting four conserved epitopes in the spike S2 domain: the internal fusion peptide (iFP), the central helix (CH), the connector domain (CD), and a membrane-proximal epitope in the heptad repeat 2 that we term the lower stalk (LS). A crystal structure of an LS-directed antibody defined a previously unresolved mode of antibody recognition of this membrane-proximal epitope, while cryogenic electron microscopy (cryo-EM) structures revealed that genetically diverse CH-specific antibodies use distinct binding modes to converge on conserved features of the prefusion S2 apex. Despite minimal neutralizing activity, CH- and LS-directed antibodies exhibited distinct antiviral functions. LS-directed antibodies mediated Fc\u03b3 receptor-dependent effector activity\n                  <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic>\n                  , whereas the broadly reactive CH-directed antibody ch.007 lacked detectable antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) or cellular phagocytosis (ADCP) activity yet protected mice from lethal SARS-CoV-2 MA10 challenge, with protection abrogated by Fc\u03b3 receptor-silencing mutations. Together, these findings expand the genetic, structural and functional landscape of human antibody responses to conserved coronavirus S2 epitopes and demonstrate that CH-directed antibodies can contribute to protective immunity through Fc-dependent mechanisms not predicted by\n                  <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic>\n                  neutralization or conventional\n                  <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic>\n                  Fc effector assays.\n                <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.64898\/2026.09.13.750764","type":"posted-content","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,17]],"date-time":"2026-09-17T06:10:25Z","timestamp":1789625425000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Structural basis of diverse antibody recognition of conserved coronavirus spike S2 epitopes that contribute to protective immunity"],"prefix":"10.64898","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3676-4283","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Adonis A.","family":"Rubio","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Stanford Biosciences, Stanford School of Medicine; 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