{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"institution":[{"name":"bioRxiv"}],"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,23]],"date-time":"2026-10-23T21:20:07Z","timestamp":1792790407229,"version":"4.5.0"},"posted":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,19]]},"group-title":"Neuroscience","reference-count":75,"publisher":"openRxiv","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,19]],"date-time":"2026-09-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1789776000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.biorxiv.org\/about\/FAQ#license"}],"funder":[{"name":"American Academy of Sleep Medicine Foundation","id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/057zq8s17","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"National Institute on Aging","award":["5R01AG090302"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["5R01AG090302"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/049v75w11","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,18]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>The thalamus coordinates sleep-dependent brain function including memory consolidation, sensory gating, and network stability through spindle oscillations. Thalamocortical circuits are also affected in many neurological and neuropsychiatric disorders. Yet how human thalamocortical circuits respond to pathological disruptions remain poorly understood. Here, we leveraged interictal epileptiform discharges (IEDs) as spontaneous perturbations to probe spindle-generating circuits and thalamocortical dynamics in vivo. Using multi-night intracranial recordings spanning multiple thalamic nuclei and cortical regions in 55 individuals with epilepsy, we investigated interactions between sleep spindles and epileptic activity across timescales from milliseconds to days. Sleep spindles were associated with IED suppression, whereas IEDs increased subsequent spindle probability, revealing bidirectional interactions between physiological and pathological activity. Nights with lower IEDs corresponded to increased spindle occurrence, longer duration, and faster frequency, reflecting a more stable thalamocortical state. These findings propose sleep spindles as potential regulators of thalamocortical networks that actively respond to and regulate pathological activity.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.64898\/2026.09.13.751011","type":"posted-content","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,19]],"date-time":"2026-09-19T08:30:19Z","timestamp":1789806619000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Sleep spindles stabilize human thalamocortical networks, inhibiting pathological disruptions"],"prefix":"10.64898","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-4119-8470","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kassem","family":"Jaber","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Analytical Neurophysiology Lab, Department of Neurology, Duke University Medical Center, North Carolina, U.S.A"},{"name":"Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke Pratt School of Engineering, Durham, North Carolina U.S.A"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alyssa","family":"Ho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Analytical Neurophysiology Lab, Department of Neurology, Duke University Medical Center, North Carolina, U.S.A"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-6499-9455","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hongyi","family":"Ye","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology and Epilepsy Center, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pilar","family":"Bosque-Varela","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Analytical Neurophysiology Lab, Department of Neurology, Duke University Medical Center, North Carolina, U.S.A"},{"name":"Department of Neurology, Neurocritical Care and Neurorehabilitation, Christian Doppler University Hospital, Centre for Cognitive Neuroscience, Member of the European Reference Network EpiCARE, Paracelsus Medical University of Salzburg, 5020 Salzburg, Austria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5453-8277","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Giovanna","family":"Aiello","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ETH Zurich, Department of Health Sciences and Technology, Institute for Neuroscience, ETH Z\u00fcrich, 8092 Z\u00fcrich, Switzerland"},{"name":"Department of Neurology, Mass General Brigham and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA"},{"name":"Center for Neurotechnology and Neurorecovery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1283-7978","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tamir","family":"Avigdor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Analytical Neurophysiology Lab, Department of Neurology, Duke University Medical Center, North Carolina, U.S.A"},{"name":"Montreal Neurological Institute and Hospital, McGill University, Montr\u00e9al, Qu\u00e9bec H3A 2B4, Canada"},{"name":"Department of Neurology, Mass General Brigham and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA"},{"name":"Center for Neurotechnology and Neurorecovery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Krishma","family":"Shenoy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Mass General Brigham and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA"},{"name":"Center for Neurotechnology and Neurorecovery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Praveen","family":"Ramani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Arkansas, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2758-9041","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lara","family":"Wadi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Duke University Medical Center, North Carolina, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"John","family":"Thomas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Analytical Neurophysiology Lab, Department of Neurology, Duke University Medical Center, North Carolina, U.S.A"},{"name":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering Technology, Rochester Institute of Technology, NY, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Petr","family":"Klime\u0161","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Analytical Neurophysiology Lab, Department of Neurology, Duke University Medical Center, North Carolina, U.S.A"},{"name":"Department of Neurology, Duke University Medical Center, North Carolina, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2620-7387","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"R. Mark","family":"Richardson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Mass General Brigham and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Derek","family":"Southwell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1681-4717","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Peter N.","family":"Hadar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Mass General Brigham and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA"},{"name":"Center for Neurotechnology and Neurorecovery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4557-6391","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sydney S.","family":"Cash","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Mass General Brigham and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA"},{"name":"Center for Neurotechnology and Neurorecovery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pariya","family":"Salami","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Mass General Brigham and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA"},{"name":"Center for Neurotechnology and Neurorecovery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1005-6385","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"David","family":"Carlson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Duke University Institute of Statistics and Decision Sciences, Durham, North Carolina, USA"},{"name":"Department of Computer Science, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2142-7324","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rina","family":"Zelmann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Mass General Brigham and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA"},{"name":"Center for Neurotechnology and Neurorecovery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6064-1529","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Birgit","family":"Frauscher","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Analytical Neurophysiology Lab, Department of Neurology, Duke University Medical Center, North Carolina, U.S.A"},{"name":"Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke Pratt School of Engineering, Durham, North Carolina U.S.A"},{"name":"Department of Neurology, Duke University Medical Center, North Carolina, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"54368","reference":[{"key":"2026092304550662000_2026.09.13.751011v1.1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"416","DOI":"10.1038\/s41583-023-00701-0","article-title":"The impact of the human thalamus on brain-wide information processing","volume":"24","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nature Reviews Neuroscience"},{"key":"2026092304550662000_2026.09.13.751011v1.2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1223082"},{"key":"2026092304550662000_2026.09.13.751011v1.3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conb.2018.08.002"},{"key":"2026092304550662000_2026.09.13.751011v1.4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41593-018-0164-7"},{"key":"2026092304550662000_2026.09.13.751011v1.5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/J.NEUROIMAGE.2022.118876"},{"key":"2026092304550662000_2026.09.13.751011v1.6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2017.06.025"},{"key":"2026092304550662000_2026.09.13.751011v1.7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15499","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms15499","article-title":"Coordination of cortical and thalamic activity during non-REM sleep in humans","volume":"8","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nature communications"},{"key":"2026092304550662000_2026.09.13.751011v1.8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.0077-11.2011"},{"key":"2026092304550662000_2026.09.13.751011v1.9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2016\/8103439"},{"key":"2026092304550662000_2026.09.13.751011v1.10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.00552.2004"},{"key":"2026092304550662000_2026.09.13.751011v1.11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0402761101"},{"key":"2026092304550662000_2026.09.13.751011v1.12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"zsaf114","DOI":"10.1093\/sleep\/zsaf114","article-title":"Human sleep spindles track experimentally excited brain circuits","volume":"48","year":"2025","journal-title":"Sleep"},{"key":"2026092304550662000_2026.09.13.751011v1.13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e14424","DOI":"10.1002\/alz.14424","article-title":"Sleep spindles and slow oscillations predict cognition and biomarkers of neurodegeneration in mild to moderate Alzheimer\u2019s disease","volume":"21","year":"2025","journal-title":"Alzheimer\u2019s & Dementia"},{"key":"2026092304550662000_2026.09.13.751011v1.14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nn.3950"},{"key":"2026092304550662000_2026.09.13.751011v1.15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cub.2010.06.032"},{"key":"2026092304550662000_2026.09.13.751011v1.16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1750010","DOI":"10.1142\/S0129065717500101","article-title":"The role of thalamus versus cortex in epilepsy: evidence from human ictal centromedian recordings in patients assessed for deep brain stimulation","volume":"27","year":"2017","journal-title":"International journal of neural systems"},{"key":"2026092304550662000_2026.09.13.751011v1.17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ACN3.50835"},{"key":"2026092304550662000_2026.09.13.751011v1.18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"190","DOI":"10.1038\/s43856-025-00920-9","article-title":"Inter-seizure variability in thalamic recruitment and its implications for precision thalamic neuromodulation","volume":"5","year":"2025","journal-title":"Communications Medicine"},{"key":"2026092304550662000_2026.09.13.751011v1.19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tins.2005.03.007"},{"key":"2026092304550662000_2026.09.13.751011v1.20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.00166.2006"},{"key":"2026092304550662000_2026.09.13.751011v1.21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Steriade, M. in Generalized epilepsy: Neurobiological approaches 161\u2013180 (Springer, 1990).","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4684-6767-3_12"},{"key":"2026092304550662000_2026.09.13.751011v1.22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0896-6273(03)00065-5"},{"key":"2026092304550662000_2026.09.13.751011v1.23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1608715","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2025.1608715","article-title":"The role of the thalamus in Focal Human Epilepsy: insights from StereoElectroEncephalography (SEEG)","volume":"16","year":"2025","journal-title":"Frontiers in Neurology"},{"key":"2026092304550662000_2026.09.13.751011v1.24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1210","DOI":"10.3171\/2022.1.JNS212613","article-title":"Thalamic stereoelectroencephalography in epilepsy surgery: a scoping literature review","volume":"137","year":"2022","journal-title":"Journal of Neurosurgery"},{"key":"2026092304550662000_2026.09.13.751011v1.25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Frauscher, B. , Ho, A. , Matou\u0161kov\u00e1, B. , Jaber, K. , Avigdor, T. , Minato, E. , Thomas, J. , Southwell, D. , Hall, J. & Klime\u0161, P . Sleep fragmentation drives local, network-specific epileptic activity in human epilepsy. bioRxiv, 2025.2011. 2030.691386 (2025).","DOI":"10.64898\/2025.11.30.691386"},{"key":"2026092304550662000_2026.09.13.751011v1.26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.25884"},{"key":"2026092304550662000_2026.09.13.751011v1.27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.seizure.2021.11.024"},{"key":"2026092304550662000_2026.09.13.751011v1.28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"zsac041","DOI":"10.1093\/sleep\/zsac041","article-title":"Non-rapid eye movement sleep instability in adults with epilepsy: a systematic review and meta-analysis of cyclic alternating pattern","volume":"45","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sleep"},{"key":"2026092304550662000_2026.09.13.751011v1.29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1217897109"},{"key":"2026092304550662000_2026.09.13.751011v1.30","first-page":"68","article-title":"Sleep spindles predict stress-related increases in sleep disturbances","volume":"9","year":"2015","journal-title":"Frontiers in human neuroscience"},{"key":"2026092304550662000_2026.09.13.751011v1.31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.23-26-08978.2003"},{"key":"2026092304550662000_2026.09.13.751011v1.32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1802882","DOI":"10.3389\/frsle.2026.1802882","article-title":"Differences in sleep spindles and polysomnography in humans: a meta-analysis on the influence of age, sex, and cognitive ability","volume":"5","year":"2026","journal-title":"Frontiers in sleep"},{"key":"2026092304550662000_2026.09.13.751011v1.33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/wnl.0000000000009439"},{"key":"2026092304550662000_2026.09.13.751011v1.34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/epi.13633"},{"key":"2026092304550662000_2026.09.13.751011v1.35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0b013e318297ee50"},{"key":"2026092304550662000_2026.09.13.751011v1.36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awx143"},{"key":"2026092304550662000_2026.09.13.751011v1.37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"321","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cnp.2026.04.005","article-title":"Hippocampal interictal discharges induce frontal spindles and enhance spindle\u2013slow oscillation coupling in temporal lobe epilepsy","volume":"11","year":"2026","journal-title":"Clinical Neurophysiology Practice"},{"key":"2026092304550662000_2026.09.13.751011v1.38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awz269"},{"key":"2026092304550662000_2026.09.13.751011v1.39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2803","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awae119","article-title":"Thalamic epileptic spikes disrupt sleep spindles in patients with epileptic encephalopathy","volume":"147","year":"2024","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"2026092304550662000_2026.09.13.751011v1.40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"979333","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2022.979333","article-title":"The effect of interictal epileptic discharges and following spindles on motor sequence learning in epilepsy patients","volume":"13","year":"2022","journal-title":"Frontiers in Neurology"},{"key":"2026092304550662000_2026.09.13.751011v1.41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/epi.17810"},{"key":"2026092304550662000_2026.09.13.751011v1.42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nm.4084"},{"key":"2026092304550662000_2026.09.13.751011v1.43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"639","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp-2025-337158","article-title":"Epilepsy surgery outcomes and their determinants: a systematic review and individual patient data meta-analysis. Journal of Neurology","volume":"97","year":"2026","journal-title":"Neurosurgery & Psychiatry"},{"key":"2026092304550662000_2026.09.13.751011v1.44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"88","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-017-02577-y","article-title":"Multi-day rhythms modulate seizure risk in epilepsy","volume":"9","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nature communications"},{"key":"2026092304550662000_2026.09.13.751011v1.45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1495","DOI":"10.1111\/epi.13455","article-title":"Circadian and ultradian patterns of epileptiform discharges differ by seizure-onset location during long-term ambulatory intracranial monitoring","volume":"57","year":"2016","journal-title":"Epilepsia"},{"key":"2026092304550662000_2026.09.13.751011v1.46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"026057","DOI":"10.1088\/1741-2552\/ac6829","article-title":"SleepSEEG: automatic sleep scoring using intracranial EEG recordings only","volume":"19","year":"2022","journal-title":"Journal of Neural Engineering"},{"key":"2026092304550662000_2026.09.13.751011v1.47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2018.08.012"},{"key":"2026092304550662000_2026.09.13.751011v1.48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2012.01.021"},{"key":"2026092304550662000_2026.09.13.751011v1.49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10548-014-0379-1"},{"key":"2026092304550662000_2026.09.13.751011v1.50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/sleep\/zsad017"},{"key":"2026092304550662000_2026.09.13.751011v1.51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/1912791"},{"key":"2026092304550662000_2026.09.13.751011v1.52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9209","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-025-64922-w","article-title":"Thalamocortical hodology to personalize electrical stimulation for focal epilepsy","volume":"16","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nature communications"},{"key":"2026092304550662000_2026.09.13.751011v1.53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.25651"},{"key":"2026092304550662000_2026.09.13.751011v1.54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11137","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-022-15147-0","article-title":"Focal epilepsy disrupts spindle structure and function","volume":"12","year":"2022","journal-title":"Scientific reports"},{"key":"2026092304550662000_2026.09.13.751011v1.55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/epi.13045"},{"key":"2026092304550662000_2026.09.13.751011v1.56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"fcaf106","DOI":"10.1093\/braincomms\/fcaf106","article-title":"Modulating limbic circuits in temporal lobe epilepsy: impacts on seizures, memory, mood and sleep","volume":"7","year":"2025","journal-title":"Brain Communications"},{"key":"2026092304550662000_2026.09.13.751011v1.57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/epi.16895"},{"key":"2026092304550662000_2026.09.13.751011v1.58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awad211"},{"key":"2026092304550662000_2026.09.13.751011v1.59","first-page":"1206","article-title":"Connectivity between the seizure onset zone and the thalamus correlates with seizure outcomes in thalamic responsive neurostimulation","volume":"67","year":"2025","journal-title":"Epilepsia"},{"key":"2026092304550662000_2026.09.13.751011v1.60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awaf342"},{"key":"2026092304550662000_2026.09.13.751011v1.61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108041","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clineuro.2023.108041","article-title":"Stimulation of the pulvinar nucleus of the thalamus in epilepsy: A systematic review and individual patient data (IPD) analysis","volume":"235","year":"2023","journal-title":"Clinical Neurology and Neurosurgery"},{"key":"2026092304550662000_2026.09.13.751011v1.62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"138","DOI":"10.1016\/j.parkreldis.2019.04.001","article-title":"The impact of subthalamic deep brain stimulation on sleep and other non-motor symptoms in Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"64","year":"2019","journal-title":"Parkinsonism & related disorders"},{"key":"2026092304550662000_2026.09.13.751011v1.63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3009","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awae189","article-title":"The interictal suppression hypothesis is the dominant differentiator of seizure onset zones in focal epilepsy","volume":"147","year":"2024","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"2026092304550662000_2026.09.13.751011v1.64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awad016"},{"key":"2026092304550662000_2026.09.13.751011v1.65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7605","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-026-73053-9","article-title":"Thalamo-cortical synchrony shapes seizure expression in human temporal lobe epilepsy","volume":"17","year":"2026","journal-title":"Nature Communications"},{"key":"2026092304550662000_2026.09.13.751011v1.66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1480819","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2024.1480819","article-title":"Medial pulvinar stimulation for focal drug-resistant epilepsy: interim 12-month results of the PULSE study","volume":"15","year":"2024","journal-title":"Frontiers in Neurology"},{"key":"2026092304550662000_2026.09.13.751011v1.67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5253","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-024-49470-z","article-title":"A spatial perturbation framework to validate implantation of the epileptogenic zone","volume":"15","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nature Communications"},{"key":"2026092304550662000_2026.09.13.751011v1.68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0287921"},{"key":"2026092304550662000_2026.09.13.751011v1.69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2011.11.046"},{"key":"2026092304550662000_2026.09.13.751011v1.70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/EPI.14604"},{"key":"2026092304550662000_2026.09.13.751011v1.71","first-page":"748","article-title":"Thalamic Stimulation Induced Changes in Network Connectivity and Excitability in Epilepsy","volume":"99","year":"2025","journal-title":"Annals of neurology"},{"key":"2026092304550662000_2026.09.13.751011v1.72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"583","DOI":"10.1227\/neu.0000000000002079","article-title":"Interictal connectivity revealed by granger analysis of stereoelectroencephalography: Association with ictal onset zone, resection, and outcome","volume":"91","year":"2022","journal-title":"Neurosurgery"},{"key":"2026092304550662000_2026.09.13.751011v1.73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jneumeth.2008.01.017"},{"key":"2026092304550662000_2026.09.13.751011v1.74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nester, E. M. , Jayaram, M. A. , Umesh, T. , Varisa, L. , Phataraphruk Rains, K. , Smith, K. A. , Choi, K. , Gazzola, D. M. , Herman, S. T. & Lehnhoff, L . Thalamocortical network dynamics in focal epilepsy: SEEG investigation. bioRxiv, 2026.2003. 2005.709626 (2026).","DOI":"10.64898\/2026.03.05.709626"},{"key":"2026092304550662000_2026.09.13.751011v1.75","first-page":"879716","article-title":"Brainstorm: A user-friendly application for MEG\/EEG analysis","volume":"2011","year":"2011","journal-title":"Computational intelligence and neuroscience"}],"container-title":[],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/syndication.highwire.org\/content\/doi\/10.64898\/2026.09.13.751011","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,23]],"date-time":"2026-09-23T11:55:22Z","timestamp":1790164522000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/biorxiv.org\/lookup\/doi\/10.64898\/2026.09.13.751011"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,19]]},"references-count":75,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.64898\/2026.09.13.751011","relation":{},"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,19]]},"subtype":"preprint"}}