{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"institution":[{"name":"bioRxiv"}],"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,23]],"date-time":"2026-10-23T21:19:10Z","timestamp":1792790350600,"version":"4.5.0"},"posted":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,16]]},"group-title":"Microbiology","reference-count":72,"publisher":"openRxiv","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,16]],"date-time":"2026-09-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1789516800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Institute of General Medical Sciences","award":["R35GM155280"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R35GM155280"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/04q48ey07","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,16]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Type IV pili (T4P) are dynamic surface appendages that mediate essential biological functions and virulence traits, yet their energetic burden on cellular budgets in light of fluctuating host environments remains unexplored. Here, we present a comprehensive economic analysis of T4P construction and operation in ATP equivalents, following established frameworks of flagella analyses.<\/jats:p>\n                <jats:p>\n                  Using\n                  <jats:italic>Pseudomonas aeruginosa<\/jats:italic>\n                  as a model system, we quantify the total cellular burden to synthesize the T4P machinery, maintain the inner-membrane pool of major pilin (PilA), and drive repeated cycles of pilus extension and retraction over a generation. We estimate that the T4P system consumes ~0.7% of the total cellular energy budget, dominated by PilA monomer production. Conversely, the operational cost of dynamic T4P fibers is negligible due to their intermittent activity - contrasting sharply with the high continuous cost of rotating a polar flagellum.\n                <\/jats:p>\n                <jats:p>\n                  Extending this framework across five phylogenetically diverse species (\n                  <jats:italic>P. aeruginosa, Vibrio cholerae, Caulobacter crescentus, Neisseria<\/jats:italic>\n                  spp., and\n                  <jats:italic>Myxococcus xanthus<\/jats:italic>\n                  ) reveals that T4P investment varies tenfold (0.2\u20131.8% of the cellular budget), driven by differences in pilin size, machine number, pilus extension rates, and cell volume.\n                  <jats:italic>Neisseria<\/jats:italic>\n                  is a distinct outlier whose high extension rate makes operational costs approach construction costs, while in all other species construction dominates. These findings indicate that changes in nutrient availability or surface association may modulate pilus number and length as a strategy to optimize energetic burdens during host-pathogen interaction.\n                <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.64898\/2026.09.14.751554","type":"posted-content","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,17]],"date-time":"2026-09-17T06:40:16Z","timestamp":1789627216000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["The construction and operation of type IV pili impose a variable energetic burden across phylogenetically distant bacteria"],"prefix":"10.64898","author":[{"given":"Ahmed O.","family":"Yusuf","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zil K.","family":"Modi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Matthias D.","family":"Koch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"54368","reference":[{"key":"2026092107302258000_2026.09.14.751554v1.1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrmicro885"},{"key":"2026092107302258000_2026.09.14.751554v1.2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-micro-092611-150055"},{"key":"2026092107302258000_2026.09.14.751554v1.3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1462-2920.12849"},{"key":"2026092107302258000_2026.09.14.751554v1.4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ellison, C.K. , G.B. 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