{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"institution":[{"name":"medRxiv"}],"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,19]],"date-time":"2026-09-19T14:03:12Z","timestamp":1789826592548,"version":"4.0.1"},"posted":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,16]]},"group-title":"Pediatrics","reference-count":49,"publisher":"openRxiv","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,16]],"date-time":"2026-09-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1789516800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Institute of Mental Health","award":["T32MH019113"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["T32MH019113"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,16]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Late preterm (LP) children (34 0\/7 \u2013 36 6\/7 weeks of gestation) are at risk for neurocognitive challenges, yet the neuroanatomic and functional disruptions underlying these developmental differences remain poorly understood.<\/jats:p>\n                <\/jats:sec>\n                <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Purpose or Hypothesis<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Investigate (1) regional differences in cortical surface area and thalamic nuclei volume and (2) structural variations that may explain heterogeneity in neurocognitive functioning in LP versus full term (FT) school-aged children, using two complementary approaches: a vertex-wise analysis of cortical surface area and a region-of-interest volumetric analysis of thalamic nuclei.<\/jats:p>\n                <\/jats:sec>\n                <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Study Type<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Secondary analysis of a prospective observational cohort study.<\/jats:p>\n                <\/jats:sec>\n                <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Population or Subjects<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>48 LP and 72 FT children aged 6\u201313 years.<\/jats:p>\n                <\/jats:sec>\n                <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Field Strength\/Sequence<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>3T; Sagittal T1-weighted MP-RAGE and axial T2-weighted 3D SPACE.<\/jats:p>\n                <\/jats:sec>\n                <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Assessment<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>FreeSurfer 7.4.1 was used to parcellate cortical regions (Destrieux atlas) and segment thalamic nuclei (25 nuclei). Neurocognitive functioning was assessed across four domains: hyperactivity\/inattention (Pediatric Behavior Scale), processing speed (WISC-IV), working memory (WISC-III), and visual-spatial perception (Benton JLO).<\/jats:p>\n                <\/jats:sec>\n                <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Statistical Tests<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Independent samples t-tests for group comparisons; vertex-wise GLMs for cortical surface analyses with false discovery rate (FDR) correction; and multiple linear regression for thalamic nuclei analyses with FDR-corrected\n                    <jats:italic>q<\/jats:italic>\n                    &lt; 0.05.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                <\/jats:sec>\n                <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Vertex-wise analyses revealed regional differences in cortical surface area between LP and FT children in both hemispheres, along with associations between surface area in several cortical regions and hyperactivity\/inattention, working memory, and visual-spatial perception. In contrast, using an ROI approach, thalamic nuclei volumes did not differ between groups and were not associated with any neurocognitive domains.<\/jats:p>\n                <\/jats:sec>\n                <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>LP birth may be associated with subtle, region-specific bidirectional left and right hemispheric cortical surface area differences rather than widespread structural alterations in middle childhood, with regional macrostructural measures associated with individual differences in neurocognitive functioning.<\/jats:p>\n                <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.64898\/2026.09.15.26362093","type":"posted-content","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,17]],"date-time":"2026-09-17T05:25:19Z","timestamp":1789622719000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Cortical surface area, thalamic nuclei volume, and associations with neurocognitive functioning in 6\u201313-year-old children born late preterm and full term"],"prefix":"10.64898","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1245-7089","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Paige M.","family":"Nelson","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Stead Family Department of Pediatrics, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA, USA"},{"name":"Department of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Heidi M.","family":"Harmon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Stead Family Department of Pediatrics, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jane E.","family":"Brumbaugh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Peggy C.","family":"Nopoulos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Stead Family Department of Pediatrics, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA, USA"},{"name":"Department of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota"},{"name":"Department of Neurology, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jerome J.","family":"Maller","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Allison M.","family":"Momany","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Stead Family Department of Pediatrics, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vincent 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