{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"institution":[{"name":"medRxiv"}],"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,2]],"date-time":"2026-11-02T11:27:55Z","timestamp":1793618875859,"version":"4.5.0"},"posted":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,16]]},"group-title":"Genetic and Genomic Medicine","reference-count":130,"publisher":"openRxiv","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,16]],"date-time":"2026-09-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1789516800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"award":["1160893"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1160893"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/011kf5r70","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"award":["GNT1195236"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["GNT1195236"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/011kf5r70","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"award":["1116976"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1116976"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/011kf5r70","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"award":["GNT1195955"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["GNT1195955"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/011kf5r70","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"award":["GNT2041068"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["GNT2041068"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/011kf5r70","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,29]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>\n                  Developmental stuttering affects up to 11% of children, with around one-fifth developing a persistent stutter. Twin and family studies indicate a strong genetic contribution and comorbidity with other heritable traits, but the common genetic architecture of clinically ascertained stuttering, persistence and recovery remains poorly characterised. We performed a genome-wide association study (GWAS) meta-analysis of 6,096 cases and 81,629 controls of European ancestries from 18 cohorts, including 2,953 cases from stuttering-specific collections with clinically confirmed or validated self-reported phenotypes. We additionally analysed persistence, severity and frequency, and integrated our results with an independent GWAS of self-reported stuttering. Our meta-analysis and the self-report GWAS showed high genetic correlation (r\n                  <jats:sub>g<\/jats:sub>\n                  = 0.66). A polygenic score from the self-report GWAS was associated with stuttering in our ascertained cases, with modest predictive value (\u0394AUC = 0.067, p = 1.8 \u00d7 10\u207b\u00b2\u00b3), and with greater severity and frequency among people who stutter. We replicated two self-report loci (\n                  <jats:italic>CAMTA1<\/jats:italic>\n                  ,\n                  <jats:italic>CTNND2<\/jats:italic>\n                  ), and combined analysis identified a genome-wide significant association at\n                  <jats:italic>MPPED2<\/jats:italic>\n                  . Our 24 suggestive loci implicated genes with established roles in childhood apraxia of speech, including\n                  <jats:italic>SETBP1<\/jats:italic>\n                  ,\n                  <jats:italic>CAMTA1<\/jats:italic>\n                  ,\n                  <jats:italic>PTBP2<\/jats:italic>\n                  ,\n                  <jats:italic>GRIN2A<\/jats:italic>\n                  and\n                  <jats:italic>KIRREL3<\/jats:italic>\n                  , with strong enrichment for apraxia genes (OR = 40.1, p = 1 \u00d7 10\u207b\u2074). Within our meta-analysis, persistent stuttering was genetically near-identical to stuttering overall (r\n                  <jats:sub>g<\/jats:sub>\n                  = 0.97). Genetically predicted brain imaging nominally implicated basal ganglia and cerebellar motor circuitry. Common-variant liability to stuttering is shared across ascertainment approaches, relates to severity, and converges with rare-variant genes for speech disorders on circuits underlying speech motor control.\n                <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.64898\/2026.09.15.26363183","type":"posted-content","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,17]],"date-time":"2026-09-17T05:35:19Z","timestamp":1789623319000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Unravelling the genetic basis of stuttering: GWAS meta-analysis highlights link with rare speech disorders"],"prefix":"10.64898","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9758-9784","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Victoria E.","family":"Jackson","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, VIC, Australia"},{"name":"Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jenna J.","family":"Shin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, VIC, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sarah","family":"Horton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Speech and Language, Murdoch Children\u2019s Research Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia"},{"name":"Department of Audiology and Speech Pathology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jessica O.","family":"Boyce","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Speech and Language, Murdoch Children\u2019s Research Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia"},{"name":"Department of Audiology and Speech Pathology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Else","family":"Eising","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Language and Genetics Department, Max Planck Institute for Psycholinguistics, Nijmegen, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Olivia","family":"van Reyk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Speech and Language, Murdoch Children\u2019s Research Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Richard","family":"Parker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daisy G.Y.","family":"Thompson-Lake","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, London, UK"},{"name":"Department of Psychiatry and Neurobehavioral Sciences, University of Virginia, VA, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Meghan","family":"Evans","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, University of Otago, Wellington South 6242, New Zealand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Janet","family":"Beilby","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Curtin School of Allied Health, Curtin University, Perth 6845, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jennifer E.","family":"Below","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Vanderbilt Genetics Institute, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37203, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dorret I.","family":"Boomsma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Complex Trait Genetics, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands"},{"name":"Amsterdam Public Health Research Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands"},{"name":"Amsterdam Reproduction and Development Research Institute, Amsterdam, the Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elinor","family":"Bridges","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Psychology, School of Philosophy, Psychology and Language Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elizabeth C.","family":"Corfield","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"PsychGen Centre for Genetic Epidemiology and Mental Health, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo Norway"},{"name":"Psychiatric Genetic Epidemiology Group, Research Department, Lovisenberg Diaconal Hospital, Oslo, Norway"},{"name":"MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK"},{"name":"Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marie-Christine J.","family":"Franken","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otorhinolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Scott D.","family":"Gordon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alexandra","family":"Havdahl","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"PsychGen Centre for Genetic Epidemiology and Mental Health, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo Norway"},{"name":"Psychiatric Genetic Epidemiology Group, Research Department, Lovisenberg Diaconal Hospital, Oslo, Norway"},{"name":"PROMENTA Centre, Department of Psychology, University of Oslo, Norway"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Simone P.C.","family":"Koenraads","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otorhinolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shelly Jo","family":"Kraft","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Communication Sciences and Disorders, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48202, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michelle","family":"Luciano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Psychology, School of Philosophy, Psychology and Language Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gunn-Helen","family":"Moen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway"},{"name":"Institute for Molecular Bioscience, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hayley S.","family":"Mountford","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Psychology, School of Philosophy, Psychology and Language Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Agnieszka","family":"Musial","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Biological and Behavioural Sciences, Queen Mary, University of London"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Craig E.","family":"Pennell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Mothers and Babies Research Centre, School of Medicine and Public Health, The University of Newcastle, New Lambton Heights, New South Wales, NSW 2305, Australia"},{"name":"HMRI Reproductive and Family Health Research Program, Hunter Medical Research Institute, New Lambton Heights, New South Wales, NSW 2305, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hannah G.","family":"Polikowsky","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Vanderbilt Genetics Institute, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37203, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ren\u00e9","family":"Pool","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Amsterdam Public Health Research Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands"},{"name":"Department of Biological Psychology, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, the Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Valerie A.","family":"Rebattu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgery, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kaili","family":"Rimfeld","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology, Royal Holloway, University of London"},{"name":"Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, King\u2019s College London"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alyssa C.","family":"Scartozzi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Vanderbilt Genetics Institute, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37203, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Beate","family":"St Pourcain","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Language and Genetics Department, Max Planck Institute for Psycholinguistics, Nijmegen, The Netherlands"},{"name":"MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK"},{"name":"Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behaviour, Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ingrid A.","family":"Szilagyi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Language and Genetics Department, Max Planck Institute for Psycholinguistics, Nijmegen, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stian B.","family":"Valand","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"PsychGen Centre for Genetic Epidemiology and Mental Health, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo Norway"},{"name":"Psychiatric Genetic Epidemiology Group, Research Department, Lovisenberg Diaconal Hospital, Oslo, Norway"},{"name":"Department of Psychology, Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Oslo, Norway"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kathryn Z.","family":"Viljoen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Curtin School of Allied Health, Curtin University, Perth 6845, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carol A.","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Mothers and Babies Research Centre, School of Medicine and Public Health, The University of Newcastle, New Lambton Heights, New South Wales, NSW 2305, Australia"},{"name":"HMRI Reproductive and Family Health Research Program, Hunter Medical Research Institute, New Lambton Heights, New South Wales, NSW 2305, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrew J.O.","family":"Whitehouse","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Kids Research Institute Australia, The University of Western Australia, Nedlands WA, 6009"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yvonne E.","family":"Wren","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Bristol Dental School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK"},{"name":"Cardiff Metropolitan University, Cardiff, Wales, UK"},{"name":"Bristol Speech and Language Therapy Research Unit, North Bristol NHS Trust, Bristol, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elsje","family":"van Bergen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Amsterdam Public Health Research Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands"},{"name":"PROMENTA Centre, Department of Psychology, University of Oslo, Norway"},{"name":"Department of Biological Psychology, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, the Netherlands"},{"name":"LEARN! Research Institute, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands"},{"name":"Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nathan A.","family":"Gillespie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD, Australia"},{"name":"Virginia Institute for Psychiatric and Behavior Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University, VA, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Adam P.","family":"Vogel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Audiology and Speech Pathology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia"},{"name":"Centre for Neuroscience of Speech, The University of Melbourne, Parkville 3053, Australia"},{"name":"Science, Redenlab Ltd., Melbourne 3000, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ingrid E.","family":"Scheffer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Epilepsy Research Centre, Department of Medicine, University of Melbourne, Austin Health, Heidelberg, VIC, Australia"},{"name":"Murdoch Children\u2019s Research Institute and University of Melbourne Department of Paediatrics, Royal Children\u2019s Hospital, Parkville, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael S.","family":"Hildebrand","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Epilepsy Research Centre, Department of Medicine, University of Melbourne, Austin Health, Heidelberg, VIC, Australia"},{"name":"Murdoch Children\u2019s Research Institute and University of Melbourne Department of Paediatrics, Royal Children\u2019s Hospital, Parkville, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lynette G.","family":"Sadleir","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, University of Otago, Wellington South 6242, New Zealand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fr\u00e9d\u00e9rique","family":"Li\u00e9geois","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, London, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sheena","family":"Reilly","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Griffith Health, Griffith University, Southport, QLD, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Simon E.","family":"Fisher","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Language and Genetics Department, Max Planck Institute for Psycholinguistics, Nijmegen, The Netherlands"},{"name":"Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behaviour, Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nicholas G.","family":"Martin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Angela T.","family":"Morgan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Speech and Language, Murdoch Children\u2019s Research Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia"},{"name":"Department of Audiology and Speech Pathology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5132-0774","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Melanie","family":"Bahlo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, VIC, Australia"},{"name":"Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"54368","reference":[{"key":"2026110203001836000_2026.09.15.26363183v2.1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jfludis.2012.11.002"},{"key":"2026110203001836000_2026.09.15.26363183v2.2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2012-3067"},{"key":"2026110203001836000_2026.09.15.26363183v2.3","unstructured":"Bloodstein O , Ratner NB , Brundage SB , eds. A Handbook on Stuttering. 7th ed. Plural Publishing; 2021."},{"key":"2026110203001836000_2026.09.15.26363183v2.4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jfludis.2021.105843"},{"key":"2026110203001836000_2026.09.15.26363183v2.5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Brignell A , Krahe M , Downes M , Kefalianos E , Reilly S , Morgan AT . A systematic review of interventions for adults who stutter. Journal of Fluency Disorders. Published online 2020:105766.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jfludis.2020.105766"},{"issue":"9","key":"2026110203001836000_2026.09.15.26363183v2.6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2995","DOI":"10.1044\/2020_JSLHR-20-00096","article-title":"Clinical characteristics associated with stuttering persistence: A meta-analysis","volume":"63","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Speech Lang Hear Res"},{"issue":"105820","key":"2026110203001836000_2026.09.15.26363183v2.7","first-page":"105820","article-title":"Relationships between stuttering, depression, and suicidal ideation in young adults: Accounting for gender differences","volume":"67","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Fluency Disord"},{"issue":"10","key":"2026110203001836000_2026.09.15.26363183v2.8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1297","DOI":"10.1111\/dmcn.15211","article-title":"Self-reported impact of developmental stuttering across the lifespan","volume":"64","year":"2022","journal-title":"Dev Med Child Neurol"},{"issue":"106188","key":"2026110203001836000_2026.09.15.26363183v2.9","first-page":"106188","article-title":"Stuttering and neurodiversity: A question of ableism or anti-ableism? One central premise: The person who stutters","volume":"87","year":"2026","journal-title":"J Fluency Disord"},{"issue":"106200","key":"2026110203001836000_2026.09.15.26363183v2.10","first-page":"106200","article-title":"Stuttering and the social model","volume":"96","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Commun Disord"},{"issue":"2","key":"2026110203001836000_2026.09.15.26363183v2.11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1002\/mgg3.276","article-title":"Genetic contributions to stuttering: the current evidence","volume":"5","year":"2017","journal-title":"Molecular genetics & genomic medicine"},{"key":"2026110203001836000_2026.09.15.26363183v2.12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.1991.01810350074012"},{"key":"2026110203001836000_2026.09.15.26363183v2.13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa0902630"},{"key":"2026110203001836000_2026.09.15.26363183v2.14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajhg.2015.10.007"},{"key":"2026110203001836000_2026.09.15.26363183v2.15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1101\/2022.11.03.22281471"},{"issue":"12","key":"2026110203001836000_2026.09.15.26363183v2.16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2299","DOI":"10.3390\/genes13122299","article-title":"The expansion of the spectrum in stuttering disorders to a novel ARMC gene family (ARMC3)","volume":"13","year":"2022","journal-title":"Genes (Basel)"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026110203001836000_2026.09.15.26363183v2.17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.1186\/s41065-021-00211-y","article-title":"IFNAR1 gene mutation may contribute to developmental stuttering in the Chinese population","volume":"158","year":"2021","journal-title":"Hereditas"},{"issue":"12","key":"2026110203001836000_2026.09.15.26363183v2.18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5086","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awad314","article-title":"Stuttering associated with a pathogenic variant in the chaperone protein cyclophilin 40","volume":"146","year":"2023","journal-title":"Brain"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026110203001836000_2026.09.15.26363183v2.19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104","DOI":"10.1038\/s41380-025-03170-2","article-title":"De novo protein-coding gene variants in developmental stuttering","volume":"31","year":"2026","journal-title":"Mol Psychiatry"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026110203001836000_2026.09.15.26363183v2.20","first-page":"100073","article-title":"Population-based genetic effects for developmental stuttering","volume":"3","year":"2022","journal-title":"HGG Adv"},{"key":"2026110203001836000_2026.09.15.26363183v2.21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dyz115"},{"key":"2026110203001836000_2026.09.15.26363183v2.22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajhg.2021.11.004"},{"issue":"8","key":"2026110203001836000_2026.09.15.26363183v2.23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1835","DOI":"10.1038\/s41588-025-02267-2","article-title":"Large-scale genome-wide analyses of stuttering","volume":"57","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nat Genet"},{"issue":"11","key":"2026110203001836000_2026.09.15.26363183v2.24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5137","DOI":"10.1044\/2025_JSLHR-25-00093","article-title":"Challenges and opportunities in characterizing the genetics of stuttering: From sample acquisition to functional interpretation of the genome","volume":"68","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Speech Lang Hear Res"},{"key":"2026110203001836000_2026.09.15.26363183v2.25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dys107"},{"issue":"5","key":"2026110203001836000_2026.09.15.26363183v2.26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1385","DOI":"10.1044\/2024_JSLHR-23-00562","article-title":"The association between stuttering burden and psychosocial aspects of life in adults","volume":"67","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Speech Lang Hear Res"},{"key":"2026110203001836000_2026.09.15.26363183v2.27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2025.149502"},{"key":"2026110203001836000_2026.09.15.26363183v2.28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dyx079"},{"key":"2026110203001836000_2026.09.15.26363183v2.29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2018-026276"},{"key":"2026110203001836000_2026.09.15.26363183v2.30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1002765620208"},{"issue":"6","key":"2026110203001836000_2026.09.15.26363183v2.31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"623","DOI":"10.1017\/thg.2019.93","article-title":"The Netherlands Twin Register: Longitudinal research based on twin and twin-family designs","volume":"22","year":"2019","journal-title":"Twin Res Hum Genet"},{"issue":"2","key":"2026110203001836000_2026.09.15.26363183v2.32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e12154","DOI":"10.1002\/jcv2.12154","article-title":"Twins Early Development Study (TEDS): A genetically sensitive investigation of mental health outcomes in the mid-twenties","volume":"3","year":"2023","journal-title":"JCPP Adv"},{"key":"2026110203001836000_2026.09.15.26363183v2.33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/THG.2019.65"},{"key":"2026110203001836000_2026.09.15.26363183v2.34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-018-0579-z"},{"key":"2026110203001836000_2026.09.15.26363183v2.35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Brandlistuen RE , Kristjansson D , Alsaker E , et al. Cohort profile update: The Norwegian mother, father and child cohort (MoBa). Int J Epidemiol. 2025;54(5):dyaf139.","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dyaf139"},{"key":"2026110203001836000_2026.09.15.26363183v2.36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5324\/nje.v24i1-2.1755"},{"key":"2026110203001836000_2026.09.15.26363183v2.37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10654-016-0224-9"},{"key":"2026110203001836000_2026.09.15.26363183v2.38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Power C , Elliott J. Cohort profile: 1958 British birth cohort (National Child Development Study). Int J Epidemiol. 2006;35(1):34-41.","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dyi183"},{"key":"2026110203001836000_2026.09.15.26363183v2.39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dys064"},{"key":"2026110203001836000_2026.09.15.26363183v2.40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dys066"},{"key":"2026110203001836000_2026.09.15.26363183v2.41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dyu229"},{"key":"2026110203001836000_2026.09.15.26363183v2.42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dys084"},{"key":"2026110203001836000_2026.09.15.26363183v2.43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41588-018-0184-y"},{"key":"2026110203001836000_2026.09.15.26363183v2.44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/btw079"},{"key":"2026110203001836000_2026.09.15.26363183v2.45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/btu367"},{"key":"2026110203001836000_2026.09.15.26363183v2.46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/S41588-021-00870-7"},{"key":"2026110203001836000_2026.09.15.26363183v2.47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pcbi.1004219"},{"key":"2026110203001836000_2026.09.15.26363183v2.48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nprot.2009.97"},{"issue":"2","key":"2026110203001836000_2026.09.15.26363183v2.49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"323","DOI":"10.1038\/s41588-025-02084-7","article-title":"Prioritizing effector genes at trait-associated loci using multimodal evidence","volume":"57","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nat Genet"},{"key":"2026110203001836000_2026.09.15.26363183v2.50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41588-023-01443-6"},{"key":"2026110203001836000_2026.09.15.26363183v2.51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pgen.1010299"},{"key":"2026110203001836000_2026.09.15.26363183v2.52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/rssb.12388"},{"key":"2026110203001836000_2026.09.15.26363183v2.53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aaz1776"},{"key":"2026110203001836000_2026.09.15.26363183v2.54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hemani G , Elsworth B , Palmer T , Rasteiro R . Ieugwasr: Interface to the \u201cOpenGWAS\u201d Database API.; 2025. https:\/\/mrcieu.github.io\/ieugwasr\/","DOI":"10.32614\/CRAN.package.ieugwasr"},{"key":"2026110203001836000_2026.09.15.26363183v2.55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13059-016-0974-4"},{"key":"2026110203001836000_2026.09.15.26363183v2.56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-018-03621-1"},{"key":"2026110203001836000_2026.09.15.26363183v2.57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pgen.1007889"},{"key":"2026110203001836000_2026.09.15.26363183v2.58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1101\/2023.10.17.562831"},{"key":"2026110203001836000_2026.09.15.26363183v2.59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajhg.2021.03.019"},{"key":"2026110203001836000_2026.09.15.26363183v2.60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ng.3211"},{"issue":"10","key":"2026110203001836000_2026.09.15.26363183v2.61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2828","DOI":"10.1044\/2017_JSLHR-S-16-0205","article-title":"The history of stuttering by 7 years of age: Follow-up of a prospective community cohort","volume":"60","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Speech Lang Hear Res"},{"key":"2026110203001836000_2026.09.15.26363183v2.62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ng.3404"},{"key":"2026110203001836000_2026.09.15.26363183v2.63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ng.3954"},{"key":"2026110203001836000_2026.09.15.26363183v2.64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41588-018-0081-4"},{"key":"2026110203001836000_2026.09.15.26363183v2.65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms6890"},{"key":"2026110203001836000_2026.09.15.26363183v2.66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ng.3173"},{"key":"2026110203001836000_2026.09.15.26363183v2.67","unstructured":"International League Against Epilepsy Consortium on Complex Epilepsies. GWAS meta-analysis of over 29,000 people with epilepsy identifies 26 risk loci and subtype-specific genetic architecture. Nat Genet. 2023;55(9):1471-1482."},{"key":"2026110203001836000_2026.09.15.26363183v2.68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41588-023-01538-0"},{"issue":"35","key":"2026110203001836000_2026.09.15.26363183v2.69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2202764119","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2202764119","article-title":"Genome-wide analyses of individual differences in quantitatively assessed reading- and language-related skills in up to 34,000 people","volume":"119","year":"2022","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"key":"2026110203001836000_2026.09.15.26363183v2.70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41588-019-0344-8"},{"key":"2026110203001836000_2026.09.15.26363183v2.71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/S41588-022-01285-8"},{"issue":"7","key":"2026110203001836000_2026.09.15.26363183v2.72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"743","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2024.07.025","article-title":"Genome-wide association study meta-analysis of 9619 cases with tic disorders","volume":"97","year":"2025","journal-title":"Biol Psychiatry"},{"key":"2026110203001836000_2026.09.15.26363183v2.73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/hmg\/ddaf131"},{"key":"2026110203001836000_2026.09.15.26363183v2.74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-024-08217-y"},{"key":"2026110203001836000_2026.09.15.26363183v2.75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41588-024-01704-y"},{"key":"2026110203001836000_2026.09.15.26363183v2.76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dcn.2025.101542"},{"key":"2026110203001836000_2026.09.15.26363183v2.77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/J.NEUROIMAGE.2017.10.034"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026110203001836000_2026.09.15.26363183v2.78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100740","DOI":"10.1016\/j.xgen.2024.100740","article-title":"The trait-specific timing of accelerated genomic change in the human lineage","volume":"5","year":"2025","journal-title":"Cell Genom"},{"key":"2026110203001836000_2026.09.15.26363183v2.79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1260943"},{"key":"2026110203001836000_2026.09.15.26363183v2.80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nn.4229"},{"key":"2026110203001836000_2026.09.15.26363183v2.81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1101\/gr.219493.116"},{"key":"2026110203001836000_2026.09.15.26363183v2.82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2018.02.031"},{"key":"2026110203001836000_2026.09.15.26363183v2.83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bi X , Zhou L , Zhang JJ , et al. Lineage-specific accelerated sequences underlying primate evolution. Sci Adv. 2023;9(22):eadc9507.","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.adc9507"},{"key":"2026110203001836000_2026.09.15.26363183v2.84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Keough KC , Whalen S , Inoue F , et al. Three-dimensional genome rewiring in loci with human accelerated regions. Science. 2023;380(6643):eabm1696.","DOI":"10.1101\/2022.10.04.510859"},{"key":"2026110203001836000_2026.09.15.26363183v2.85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2022.10.016"},{"key":"2026110203001836000_2026.09.15.26363183v2.86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1101\/2025.10.20.683446"},{"key":"2026110203001836000_2026.09.15.26363183v2.87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gordon RL , Ravignani A , Hyland Bruno J , et al. Linking the genomic signatures of human beat synchronization and learned song in birds. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci. 2021;376(1835):20200329.","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.2020.0329"},{"key":"2026110203001836000_2026.09.15.26363183v2.88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Whitney O , Pfenning AR , Howard JT , et al. Core and region-enriched networks of behaviorally regulated genes and the singing genome. Science. 2014;346(6215):1256780.","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1256780"},{"key":"2026110203001836000_2026.09.15.26363183v2.89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2012.01.005"},{"key":"2026110203001836000_2026.09.15.26363183v2.90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Drnevich J , Replogle KL , Lovell P , et al. Impact of experience-dependent and - independent factors on gene expression in songbird brain. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2012;109 Suppl 2(supplement_2):17245-17252.","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1200655109"},{"key":"2026110203001836000_2026.09.15.26363183v2.91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0506580102"},{"key":"2026110203001836000_2026.09.15.26363183v2.92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41431-025-01993-9"},{"key":"2026110203001836000_2026.09.15.26363183v2.93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41380-022-01764-8"},{"key":"2026110203001836000_2026.09.15.26363183v2.94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000009441"},{"issue":"7","key":"2026110203001836000_2026.09.15.26363183v2.95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1065","DOI":"10.1038\/s41380-018-0020-x","article-title":"A set of regulatory genes co-expressed in embryonic human brain is implicated in disrupted speech development","volume":"24","year":"2019","journal-title":"Mol Psychiatry"},{"issue":"22","key":"2026110203001836000_2026.09.15.26363183v2.96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e182100","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI182100","article-title":"PTBP1 variants displaying altered nucleocytoplasmic distribution are responsible for a neurodevelopmental disorder with skeletal dysplasia","volume":"135","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"key":"2026110203001836000_2026.09.15.26363183v2.97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000001228"},{"issue":"6","key":"2026110203001836000_2026.09.15.26363183v2.98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1007\/s11910-015-0554-0","article-title":"New genes for focal epilepsies with speech and language disorders","volume":"15","year":"2015","journal-title":"Curr Neurol Neurosci Rep"},{"issue":"2","key":"2026110203001836000_2026.09.15.26363183v2.99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"663","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awae264","article-title":"The clinical and genetic spectrum of paediatric speech and language disorders","volume":"148","year":"2025","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"2026110203001836000_2026.09.15.26363183v2.100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ejhg.2016.80"},{"key":"2026110203001836000_2026.09.15.26363183v2.101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajhg.2017.05.006"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026110203001836000_2026.09.15.26363183v2.102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.1038\/s41525-021-00225-5","article-title":"Association between genes regulating neural pathways for quantitative traits of speech and language disorders","volume":"6","year":"2021","journal-title":"NPJ Genom Med"},{"key":"2026110203001836000_2026.09.15.26363183v2.103","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature10530"},{"issue":"10S","key":"2026110203001836000_2026.09.15.26363183v2.104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4015","DOI":"10.1044\/2023_JSLHR-23-00081","article-title":"Self-reported stuttering severity is accurate: Informing methods for large-scale data collection in stuttering","volume":"67","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Speech Lang Hear Res"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026110203001836000_2026.09.15.26363183v2.105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.1038\/s41398-025-03514-0","article-title":"Multivariate genome-wide association analysis of dyslexia and quantitative reading skill improves gene discovery","volume":"15","year":"2025","journal-title":"Transl Psychiatry"},{"key":"2026110203001836000_2026.09.15.26363183v2.106","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41588-021-00990-0"},{"key":"2026110203001836000_2026.09.15.26363183v2.107","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ng.2213"},{"key":"2026110203001836000_2026.09.15.26363183v2.108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Arnon I , Carmel L , Claidi\u00e8re N , et al. What enables human language? A biocultural framework. Science. 2025;390(6775):eadq8303.","DOI":"10.1126\/science.adq8303"},{"key":"2026110203001836000_2026.09.15.26363183v2.109","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1101\/gr.219493.116"},{"key":"2026110203001836000_2026.09.15.26363183v2.110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Erwin G , Mckinsey JLR , Rubenstein KS . Many human accelerated regions are developmental enhancers Philos. Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci. 2013;368.","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.2013.0025"},{"key":"2026110203001836000_2026.09.15.26363183v2.111","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41431-021-00894-x"},{"key":"2026110203001836000_2026.09.15.26363183v2.112","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/geno.1995.9973"},{"key":"2026110203001836000_2026.09.15.26363183v2.113","unstructured":"Verma A , Huffman JE , Rodriguez A , et al. Diversity and scale: Genetic architecture of 2068 traits in the VA Million Veteran Program. Science. 2024;385(6706):eadj1182."},{"key":"2026110203001836000_2026.09.15.26363183v2.114","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41588-022-01097-w"},{"key":"2026110203001836000_2026.09.15.26363183v2.115","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41588-018-0303-9"},{"key":"2026110203001836000_2026.09.15.26363183v2.116","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-022-05275-y"},{"key":"2026110203001836000_2026.09.15.26363183v2.117","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41588-018-0309-3"},{"key":"2026110203001836000_2026.09.15.26363183v2.118","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-018-08259-7"},{"key":"2026110203001836000_2026.09.15.26363183v2.119","unstructured":"Grasby KL , Jahanshad N , Painter JN , et al. The genetic architecture of the human cerebral cortex. Science. 2020;367(6484):eaay6690."},{"key":"2026110203001836000_2026.09.15.26363183v2.120","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/cge.13874"},{"key":"2026110203001836000_2026.09.15.26363183v2.121","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature13185"},{"key":"2026110203001836000_2026.09.15.26363183v2.122","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/S41588-019-0512-X"},{"key":"2026110203001836000_2026.09.15.26363183v2.123","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41588--01016-z"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026110203001836000_2026.09.15.26363183v2.124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2068","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-019-10160-w","article-title":"Author Correction: Study of 300,486 individuals identifies 148 independent genetic loci influencing general cognitive function","volume":"10","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"2026110203001836000_2026.09.15.26363183v2.125","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-022-35553-2"},{"key":"2026110203001836000_2026.09.15.26363183v2.126","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awab364"},{"key":"2026110203001836000_2026.09.15.26363183v2.127","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.64898\/2026.08.11.26359888"},{"key":"2026110203001836000_2026.09.15.26363183v2.128","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awm241"},{"issue":"2","key":"2026110203001836000_2026.09.15.26363183v2.129","first-page":"376","article-title":"The shared genetic architecture and evolution of human language and musical rhythm","volume":"9","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nat Hum Behav"},{"issue":"4","key":"2026110203001836000_2026.09.15.26363183v2.130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"372","DOI":"10.1080\/02699206.2025.2560630","article-title":"Lower sentence comprehension than word comprehension in preschool children who stutter predicts persistent stuttering and stuttering severity at school-age","volume":"40","year":"2026","journal-title":"Clin Linguist Phon"}],"container-title":[],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/syndication.highwire.org\/content\/doi\/10.64898\/2026.09.15.26363183","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,2]],"date-time":"2026-11-02T11:00:30Z","timestamp":1793617230000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/medrxiv.org\/lookup\/doi\/10.64898\/2026.09.15.26363183"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,16]]},"references-count":130,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.64898\/2026.09.15.26363183","relation":{},"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,16]]},"subtype":"preprint"}}