{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"institution":[{"name":"bioRxiv"}],"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,23]],"date-time":"2026-10-23T21:19:24Z","timestamp":1792790364449,"version":"4.5.0"},"posted":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,17]]},"group-title":"Microbiology","reference-count":45,"publisher":"openRxiv","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,17]],"date-time":"2026-09-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1789603200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Institutes of Health","award":["GM131729"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["GM131729"]}]},{"name":"National Institutes of Health","award":["AI173544"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["AI173544"]}]},{"name":"Howard Hughes Medical Institute","award":["GT17580"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["GT17580"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/006w34k90","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,17]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>\n                  It is common for bacteriophages to encode proteins that are strongly inhibitory to growth of the bacterial host, and about 10% of mycobacteriophage-encoded proteins have this property. Adephagia is a Cluster K1 mycobacteriophage and prior cloning and expression of 66 Adephagia non-structural genes identified 14 that are toxic when expressed in\n                  <jats:italic>Mycobacterium smegmatis<\/jats:italic>\n                  . One of the expressed proteins, the 70-residue gp48, is highly toxic when expressed in both\n                  <jats:italic>M. smegmatis<\/jats:italic>\n                  and\n                  <jats:italic>Mycobacterium abscessus<\/jats:italic>\n                  and acts by binding to and inactivating the function of Msmeg_1828, a mannose-1-phosphate guanylyltransferase (Mpg). Mpg is an essential enzyme for biosynthesis of GDP-mannose, a precursor of several key cell wall constituents including lipoarabinomannan and phosphatidylinositol mannosides. The crystal structure of Adephagia gp48 shows that the N-terminal 43 residues form two alpha helices that strongly promote dimer formation; the C-terminal 27 residues are disordered but are predicted to bind Fe-S clusters via cysteine and histidine residues. Adephagia gp48 inhibits Mpg guanylyltransferase activity\n                  <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic>\n                  and is predicted to interrupt Mpg dimer formation. The C-terminal metal binding activity of gp48 is not required for toxicity, and non-toxic mutants have substitutions in the N-terminal alpha helices that are involved in dimerization. The selective advantage of Mpg inactivation for the phage is unclear, but it may protect from competing phages that require GDP-mannose derived molecules for efficient infection.\n                <\/jats:p>\n                <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>IMPORTANCE<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    A majority of bacteriophage-encoded proteins are of unknown function. An effective strategy for gaining functional insights into these is to identify those that are toxic when expressed in the bacterial host and determine the basis of the toxicity. We show that gp48 encoded by mycobacteriophage Adephagia is toxic when overexpressed in\n                    <jats:italic>Mycobacterium smegmatis<\/jats:italic>\n                    and\n                    <jats:italic>Mycobacterium abscessus<\/jats:italic>\n                    and the toxicity results from gp48 interaction with the host mannose-1-phosphate guanylyltransferase (Mpg) enzyme. Mpg is required for biosynthesis of GDP-Mannose, a precursor for many essential mannose-containing cellular constituents, and gp48 acts a dimer to binding to Mgp and inactivate its enzymatic activity.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.64898\/2026.09.16.752054","type":"posted-content","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,18]],"date-time":"2026-09-18T03:45:13Z","timestamp":1789703113000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Mycobacteriophage Adephagia gp48 inhibits essential host cell wall biosynthesis enzyme mannose-1-phosphate guanylyltransferase"],"prefix":"10.64898","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-6118-1429","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Michael J.","family":"Lauer","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biological Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh PA 15260"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Krista G.","family":"Freeman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biological Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh PA 15260"},{"name":"Department of Physics, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland OH 44106"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Danny","family":"Jiang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biological Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh PA 15260"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8638-1972","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jindanuch","family":"Maneekul","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biological Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh PA 15260"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3424-4831","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andrew P.","family":"VanDemark","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biological Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh PA 15260"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6705-6821","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Graham F.","family":"Hatfull","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biological Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh PA 15260"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"54368","reference":[{"key":"2026092213350629000_2026.09.16.752054v1.1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1331508","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2024.1331508","article-title":"Exploring antibiotic resistance mechanisms in Mycobacterium abscessus for enhanced therapeutic approaches","volume":"15","year":"2024","journal-title":"Front Microbiol"},{"key":"2026092213350629000_2026.09.16.752054v1.2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"997283","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2022.997283","article-title":"Unraveling the mechanisms of intrinsic drug resistance in Mycobacterium tuberculosis","volume":"12","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Cell Infect Microbiol"},{"key":"2026092213350629000_2026.09.16.752054v1.3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2022.11.017"},{"key":"2026092213350629000_2026.09.16.752054v1.4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1010602"},{"key":"2026092213350629000_2026.09.16.752054v1.5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1007\/s41030-022-00210-y","article-title":"Phage Therapy for Nontuberculous Mycobacteria: Challenges and Opportunities","volume":"9","year":"2023","journal-title":"Pulm Ther"},{"key":"2026092213350629000_2026.09.16.752054v1.6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciac453"},{"key":"2026092213350629000_2026.09.16.752054v1.7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2523344122","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2523344122","article-title":"All the world\u2019s a phage","volume":"122","year":"2025","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"key":"2026092213350629000_2026.09.16.752054v1.8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/btw711"},{"key":"2026092213350629000_2026.09.16.752054v1.9","first-page":"1","article-title":"SEA-PHAGES and SEA-GENES: Advancing Virology and Science Education","volume":"11","year":"2024","journal-title":"Annu Rev Virol"},{"key":"2026092213350629000_2026.09.16.752054v1.10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-71588-5"},{"key":"2026092213350629000_2026.09.16.752054v1.11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cagang EJ , Nguyen B , Paul E , Garcia E , Lee A , Benitez S , Dementyev R , Dewri E , Falvo A , Figueroa C , Guevara D , Jang K , Kelly M , Kim C , Moon S , Ngo K , Peiro E , Prakash D , Yano N , Zhang J , Heller DM , Diaz A . 2026. 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