{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"institution":[{"name":"medRxiv"}],"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,23]],"date-time":"2026-10-23T21:18:34Z","timestamp":1792790314484,"version":"4.5.0"},"posted":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,21]]},"group-title":"Neurology","reference-count":67,"publisher":"openRxiv","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,21]],"date-time":"2026-09-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1789948800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.medrxiv.org\/about\/FAQ#license"}],"funder":[{"award":["AACSF-22-972945"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["AACSF-22-972945"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/0375f4d26","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"award":["AACSF-21-850193"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["AACSF-21-850193"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/0375f4d26","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"National Institute on Aging","award":["R01AG080470"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01AG080470"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/049v75w11","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"National Institute on Aging","award":["R01AG056850-01A1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01AG056850-01A1"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/049v75w11","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"National Institute on Aging","award":["R21AG056974"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R21AG056974"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/049v75w11","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"National Institute on Aging","award":["R01AG061566"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01AG061566"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/049v75w11","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"award":["T32DC017703"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["T32DC017703"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/04mhx6838","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"award":["T15LM007093"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["T15LM007093"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/0060t0j89","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Instituto de Salud Carlos III","award":["CM25\/00195"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CM25\/00195"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/00ca2c886","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"Instituto de Salud Carlos III","award":["CM21\/00113"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CM21\/00113"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/00ca2c886","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"Instituto de Salud Carlos III","award":["JR20\/0018"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JR20\/0018"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/00ca2c886","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"award":["CM25\/00195"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CM25\/00195"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/019w4f821","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"award":["CM21\/00113"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CM21\/00113"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/019w4f821","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Instituto de Salud Carlos III","award":["PI21\/00791"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PI21\/00791"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/00ca2c886","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"Instituto de Salud Carlos III","award":["PI24\/00598"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PI24\/00598"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/00ca2c886","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"Instituto de Salud Carlos III","award":["JR20\/0018"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JR20\/0018"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/00ca2c886","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"Instituto de Salud Carlos III","award":["PI13\/01532"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PI13\/01532"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/00ca2c886","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"Instituto de Salud Carlos III","award":["PI14\/01126"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PI14\/01126"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/00ca2c886","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"Instituto de Salud Carlos III","award":["PI16\/01825"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PI16\/01825"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/00ca2c886","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"Instituto de Salud Carlos III","award":["PI17\/01019"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PI17\/01019"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/00ca2c886","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"Instituto de Salud Carlos III","award":["PI17\/01896"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PI17\/01896"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/00ca2c886","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"Instituto de Salud Carlos III","award":["PI18\/00335"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PI18\/00335"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/00ca2c886","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"Instituto de Salud Carlos III","award":["PI18\/00435"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PI18\/00435"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/00ca2c886","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"Instituto de Salud Carlos III","award":["PI19\/00882"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PI19\/00882"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/00ca2c886","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"Instituto de Salud Carlos III","award":["PI20\/01473"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PI20\/01473"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/00ca2c886","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"Alzheimer's Society","award":["GBHI ALZ UK-21-72097"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["GBHI ALZ UK-21-72097"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/0472gwq90","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"Generalitat de Catalunya","award":["2017-SGR547"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2017-SGR547"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/01bg62x04","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"Generalitat de Catalunya","award":["SLT006\/17\/125"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SLT006\/17\/125"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/01bg62x04","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"Generalitat de Catalunya","award":["SLT006\/17\/119"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SLT006\/17\/119"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/01bg62x04","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"Generalitat de Catalunya","award":["SLT002\/16\/408"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SLT002\/16\/408"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/01bg62x04","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"Generalitat de Catalunya","award":["SLT042\/25\/000034"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SLT042\/25\/000034"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/01bg62x04","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"Generalitat de Catalunya","award":["2021 SGR 00979"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021 SGR 00979"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/01bg62x04","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>The nonfluent\/agrammatic (nfv) and logopenic (lv) variants of primary progressive aphasia (PPA) disrupt fluency through distinct underlying neurocognitive mechanisms. Differential diagnosis currently requires hours of cognitive-linguistic testing, with additional barriers for bilingual patients due to a shortage of bilingual service providers and a lack of well-established assessment methods. In English speakers, a promising automated approach for differentiating nfvPPA and lvPPA is to derive speech-timing measures and linguistic features from connected speech as input to machine learning (ML) classification algorithms. To our knowledge, this approach has not been evaluated in the context of bilingualism.<\/jats:p>\n                <\/jats:sec>\n                <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Thirty-four Catalan-Spanish simultaneous bilingual patients (lv = 24, nfv = 10) were asked to describe a picture (Western Aphasia Battery Picnic Scene) in both their dominant and non- dominant language. From the participant\u2019s recorded response, we derived four feature sets: speech-timing measures, derived with PRAAT; word-level parameters, derived from corpora; linguistic features, derived with the natural language processing tools SpaCy and CLAN; image-text congruence scores, derived with the vision-language encoder Multilingual-CLIP. Each feature set was fed into classification algorithms for differentiating nfv from lv in participants\u2019 non-dominant and dominant samples. Then, we combined each feature set\u2019s classifier into an ensemble model. We used the McNemar test to determine the statistical significance of differences in classification performance between responses in the non-dominant and dominant language.<\/jats:p>\n                <\/jats:sec>\n                <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>The best-performing classifier achieved F1 macro scores of 93% (word-level parameters) and 92% (ensemble) in the non-dominant and dominant language, respectively. For all feature sets and ensemble models, classification performance did not significantly differ between the non-dominant and dominant language. Ensemble modeling did not significantly improve classification performance in either language.<\/jats:p>\n                <\/jats:sec>\n                <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Taking advantage of recent advances in multilingual multimodal machine learning, we accurately differentiate Spanish-Catalan bilingual individuals with nfvPPA and lvPPA using a largely automated, time-efficient (1\u20132 minutes), and ecologically valid connected-speech-based approach. Future directions include evaluating this approach on larger datasets balanced by PPA subtype, using automated transcriptions of connected speech. Our study represents a step towards addressing current inequities in PPA differential diagnosis for non-English-speaking bilingual speakers.<\/jats:p>\n                <\/jats:sec>\n                <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Trial registration<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Data from the clinical trial\n                    <jats:ext-link xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" ext-link-type=\"clintrialgov\" xlink:href=\"NCT05741853\">NCT05741853<\/jats:ext-link>\n                    was retrospectively analyzed\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.64898\/2026.09.18.26363435","type":"posted-content","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,22]],"date-time":"2026-09-22T01:55:20Z","timestamp":1790042120000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Differentiating nonfluent\/agrammatic and logopenic primary progressive aphasia in Catalan-Spanish bilinguals by applying multilingual multimodal machine learning (M\u00b3L) to connected speech"],"prefix":"10.64898","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-0966-7157","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lokesha S.","family":"Pugalenthi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Rice University, Houston, Texas, USA"},{"name":"Department of Speech, Language, and Hearing Sciences, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0047-4823","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andrew P.","family":"Collins","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Speech, Language, and Hearing Sciences, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, USA"},{"name":"Department of Speech, Language, and Hearing Sciences, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-4220-0033","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"N\u00faria Montagut","family":"Colomer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Alzheimer\u2019s disease and other Cognitive Disorders Unit, Service of Neurology, Hospital Cl\u00ednic de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9615-7448","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sonia-Karin","family":"Marqu\u00e9s-Kiderle","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Speech, Language, and Hearing Sciences, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, USA"},{"name":"Sant Pau Memory Unit, IR SANT PAU, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-8548-1912","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Camille A.","family":"Wagner Rodriguez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Speech, Language, and Hearing Sciences, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jan Christian Holst","family":"Chaires","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Speech, Language, and Hearing Sciences, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Whendy Avila","family":"Motta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Speech, Language, and Hearing Sciences, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-0245-2110","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"J\u00falia","family":"Filella-Merc\u00e8","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sant Pau Memory Unit, IR SANT PAU, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2550-5262","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Junyi Jessy","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Linguistics, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3012-3151","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fernando","family":"Llanos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Linguistics, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0015-9455","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nuole","family":"Zhu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sant Pau Memory Unit, IR SANT PAU, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain"},{"name":"Centro de Investigaci\u00f3n Biom\u00e9dica en Red en Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7652-8029","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sara","family":"Rubio-Guerra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sant Pau Memory Unit, IR SANT PAU, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain"},{"name":"Centro de Investigaci\u00f3n Biom\u00e9dica en Red en Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5418-2052","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ignacio","family":"Illan-Gala","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sant Pau Memory Unit, IR SANT PAU, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain"},{"name":"Centro de Investigaci\u00f3n Biom\u00e9dica en Red en Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sergi","family":"Borrego-\u00c9cija","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Alzheimer\u2019s disease and other Cognitive Disorders Unit, Service of Neurology, Hospital Cl\u00ednic de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-5843-0724","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Albert","family":"Llad\u00f3","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Alzheimer\u2019s disease and other Cognitive Disorders Unit, Service of Neurology, Hospital Cl\u00ednic de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain"},{"name":"Centro de Investigaci\u00f3n Biom\u00e9dica en Red en Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1340-638X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Juan","family":"Fortea","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Alzheimer\u2019s disease and other Cognitive Disorders Unit, Service of Neurology, Hospital Cl\u00ednic de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain"},{"name":"Sant Pau Memory Unit, IR SANT PAU, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain"},{"name":"Centro de Investigaci\u00f3n Biom\u00e9dica en Red en Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2568-5478","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alberto","family":"Lle\u00f3","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sant Pau Memory Unit, IR SANT PAU, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain"},{"name":"Centro de Investigaci\u00f3n Biom\u00e9dica en Red en Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7750-896X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Raquel","family":"S\u00e1nchez-Valle","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Alzheimer\u2019s disease and other Cognitive Disorders Unit, Service of Neurology, Hospital Cl\u00ednic de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain"},{"name":"Centro de Investigaci\u00f3n Biom\u00e9dica en Red en Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8745-6451","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maya L.","family":"Henry","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Speech, Language, and Hearing Sciences, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, USA"},{"name":"Department of Neurology, Dell Medical School, The University of Texas at Austin"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1567-617X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Miguel \u00c1ngel Santos","family":"Santos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sant Pau Memory Unit, IR SANT PAU, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5287-3012","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Stephanie M.","family":"Grasso","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Speech, Language, and Hearing Sciences, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"54368","reference":[{"key":"2026100610151015000_2026.09.18.26363435v2.1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0b013e31821103e6"},{"key":"2026100610151015000_2026.09.18.26363435v2.2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.24885"},{"key":"2026100610151015000_2026.09.18.26363435v2.3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awq129"},{"key":"2026100610151015000_2026.09.18.26363435v2.4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0089864"},{"key":"2026100610151015000_2026.09.18.26363435v2.5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1044\/2017_AJSLP-16-0210"},{"key":"2026100610151015000_2026.09.18.26363435v2.6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/S00415-020-10382-9"},{"key":"2026100610151015000_2026.09.18.26363435v2.7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0278-7393.30.1.246"},{"key":"2026100610151015000_2026.09.18.26363435v2.8","unstructured":"Profile of ASHA Multilingual Service Providers, Year-End 2023."},{"key":"2026100610151015000_2026.09.18.26363435v2.9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3233\/JAD-230673"},{"key":"2026100610151015000_2026.09.18.26363435v2.10","unstructured":"Marqu\u00e8s Kiderle SK , Ansin G\u00f3mez L , Gall\u00e9e J , Montagut N , Cartwright J , Jokel R , et al. International practices of speech-language pathologists working with bilingual speakers with primary progressive aphasia. Scientific reports (under review). (under review)."},{"key":"2026100610151015000_2026.09.18.26363435v2.11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1044\/2022_AJSLP-22-00122"},{"key":"2026100610151015000_2026.09.18.26363435v2.12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jneuroling.2010.03.002"},{"key":"2026100610151015000_2026.09.18.26363435v2.13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2009.05.085"},{"key":"2026100610151015000_2026.09.18.26363435v2.14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/alz.13863"},{"key":"2026100610151015000_2026.09.18.26363435v2.15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.21451"},{"key":"2026100610151015000_2026.09.18.26363435v2.16","unstructured":"Cho S , Nevler N , Shellikeri S , Ash S , Liberman M , Grossman M. Automatic classification of primary progressive aphasia patients using lexical and acoustic features. In: Proceedings of Language Resources and Evaluation Conference (LREC) 2020 Workshop on Resources and Processing Linguistic, Para-linguistic and Extra-linguistic Data from People with Various Forms of Cognitive\/Psychiatric\/Developmental Impairments (RaPID-3) [Internet]. 2020 [cited 2025 Aug 3]. p. 60\u20135. Available from: https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/profile\/Charalambos-Themistocleous\/publication\/343041397_Proceedings_of_LREC_2020_Language_Resources_and_Evaluation_Conference_11-16_May_2020_3rd_RaPID_Workshop_Resources_and_Processing_of_Linguistic_Para-linguistic_and_Extra-linguistic_Data_from_People_wit\/links\/5f12de7b299bf1e548c0cfed\/Proceedings-of-LREC-2020-Language-Resources-and-Evaluation-Conference-11-16-May-2020-3rd-RaPID-Workshop-Resources-and-Processing-of-Linguistic-Para-linguistic-and-Extra-linguistic-Data-from-People-w.pdf#page=67"},{"key":"2026100610151015000_2026.09.18.26363435v2.17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cortex.2012.12.006"},{"key":"2026100610151015000_2026.09.18.26363435v2.18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cortex.2023.12.013"},{"key":"2026100610151015000_2026.09.18.26363435v2.19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awae196"},{"key":"2026100610151015000_2026.09.18.26363435v2.20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3233\/JAD-201101"},{"key":"2026100610151015000_2026.09.18.26363435v2.21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cortex.2021.10.010"},{"key":"2026100610151015000_2026.09.18.26363435v2.22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/dad2.70450"},{"key":"2026100610151015000_2026.09.18.26363435v2.23","unstructured":"Radford A , Kim JW , Hallacy C , Ramesh A , Goh G , Agarwal S , et al. Learning Transferable Visual Models From Natural Language Supervision. In: Proceedings of the 38th International Conference on Machine Learning [Internet]. PMLR; 2021 [cited 2025 Dec 1]. p. 8748\u201363. Available from: https:\/\/proceedings.mlr.press\/v139\/radford21a.html"},{"key":"2026100610151015000_2026.09.18.26363435v2.24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/02687038.2026.2691169"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026100610151015000_2026.09.18.26363435v2.25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"136","DOI":"10.1038\/s41746-020-00341-z","article-title":"Fusion of medical imaging and electronic health records using deep learning: A systematic review and implementation guidelines","volume":"3","year":"2020","journal-title":"NPJ Digital Medicine"},{"key":"2026100610151015000_2026.09.18.26363435v2.26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trci.2019.09.005"},{"key":"2026100610151015000_2026.09.18.26363435v2.27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/applin\/amu031"},{"key":"2026100610151015000_2026.09.18.26363435v2.28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-3956(75)90026-6"},{"key":"2026100610151015000_2026.09.18.26363435v2.29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0192773"},{"key":"2026100610151015000_2026.09.18.26363435v2.30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/t15168-000"},{"key":"2026100610151015000_2026.09.18.26363435v2.31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S1366728911000332"},{"key":"2026100610151015000_2026.09.18.26363435v2.32","unstructured":"Wertz RT , LaPointe LL , Rosenbek JC. Apraxia of speech in adults: The disorder and its management. (No Title) [Internet]. 1984 [cited 2026 Jun 15]. Available from: https:\/\/cir.nii.ac.jp\/crid\/1970867909828494221"},{"key":"2026100610151015000_2026.09.18.26363435v2.33","unstructured":"Varkanitsa, M. , Mancini, S. , Calabria, M. , Pe\u00f1aloza, C. , Wagner Rodriguez, C. , Marques-Kiderle, S. , Filella-Merce, J. , Garc\u00eda-Hernandez, E. , Rubio-Guerra, S. , Selma-Gonzalez, J. , Garc\u00eda-Castro, J. , Ill\u00e1n-Gala, I. , Alcolea, D. , Fortea, J. , Lle\u00f3, A. , Grasso, S. , & Santos-Santos, M. \u00c1. (2024). Evaluation of sentence production in Spanish speakers with primary progressive aphasia. International Congress on Frontotemporal Dementias."},{"key":"2026100610151015000_2026.09.18.26363435v2.34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.csl.2019.06.005"},{"key":"2026100610151015000_2026.09.18.26363435v2.35","unstructured":"Radford A , Kim JW , Xu T , Brockman G , Mcleavey C , Sutskever I. Robust Speech Recognition via Large-Scale Weak Supervision. In: Proceedings of the 40th International Conference on Machine Learning [Internet]. PMLR; 2023 [cited 2025 Aug 12]. p. 28492\u2013518. Available from: https:\/\/proceedings.mlr.press\/v202\/radford23a.html"},{"key":"2026100610151015000_2026.09.18.26363435v2.36","first-page":"154","article-title":"Transcribing, searching and data sharing: The CLAN software and the TalkBank data repository","volume":"11","year":"2010","journal-title":"Gesprachsforschung"},{"key":"2026100610151015000_2026.09.18.26363435v2.37","unstructured":"Honnibal, M. , Montani, I. , Van Landeghem, S. , & Boyd, A. (2020). spaCy: Industrial-strength natural language processing in python."},{"key":"2026100610151015000_2026.09.18.26363435v2.38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/trc2.70145"},{"key":"2026100610151015000_2026.09.18.26363435v2.39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1101\/2025.05.26.25328350"},{"key":"2026100610151015000_2026.09.18.26363435v2.40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/02687038.2024.2343457"},{"key":"2026100610151015000_2026.09.18.26363435v2.41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3758\/s13428-014-0454-2"},{"key":"2026100610151015000_2026.09.18.26363435v2.42","unstructured":"Boada R , Guasch M , Ferr\u00e9 P . SUBTLEX-CAT: Subtitle word frequencies and contextual diversity for Catalan | Behavior Research Methods [Internet]. [cited 2025 Aug 4]. Available from: https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.3758\/s13428-019-01233-1"},{"key":"2026100610151015000_2026.09.18.26363435v2.43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3758\/s13428-013-0326-1"},{"key":"2026100610151015000_2026.09.18.26363435v2.44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3758\/s13428-015-0636-6"},{"key":"2026100610151015000_2026.09.18.26363435v2.45","unstructured":"Thompson B , Lupyan G . Automatic Estimation of Lexical Concreteness in 77 Languages. Proceedings of the Annual Meeting of the Cognitive Science Society [Internet]. 2018 [cited 2025 Aug 4];40(0). Available from: https:\/\/escholarship.org\/uc\/item\/7dz7k3k1"},{"key":"2026100610151015000_2026.09.18.26363435v2.46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.48550\/arXiv.2204.03067"},{"key":"2026100610151015000_2026.09.18.26363435v2.47","unstructured":"Feinberg DR . Parselmouth praat scripts in python. Open Science Framework. 2019;10."},{"key":"2026100610151015000_2026.09.18.26363435v2.48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wocn.2018.07.001"},{"key":"2026100610151015000_2026.09.18.26363435v2.49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0b013e31829c5d0e"},{"key":"2026100610151015000_2026.09.18.26363435v2.50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000007367"},{"key":"2026100610151015000_2026.09.18.26363435v2.51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1044\/2020_jslhr-20-00445"},{"key":"2026100610151015000_2026.09.18.26363435v2.52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/WNN.0b013e3181c5dde3"},{"key":"2026100610151015000_2026.09.18.26363435v2.53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/medicina58101352"},{"key":"2026100610151015000_2026.09.18.26363435v2.54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Carlsson F , Eisen P , Rekathati F , Sahlgren M. Cross-lingual and Multilingual CLIP. In: Calzolari N , B\u00e9chet F , Blache P , Choukri K , Cieri C , Declerck T , et al., editors. Proceedings of the Thirteenth Language Resources and Evaluation Conference [Internet]. Marseille, France: European Language Resources Association; 2022 [cited 2025 Aug 4]. p. 6848\u201354. Available from: https:\/\/aclanthology.org\/2022.lrec-1.739\/","DOI":"10.63317\/573eyv53mcbd"},{"key":"2026100610151015000_2026.09.18.26363435v2.55","unstructured":"Zhang H , He R , Argyrou A , Rajalin E , Wauters L , Berstis K , et al. Can computational-semantic and hierarchical-syntactic profiling of spontaneous speech discriminate primary progressive aphasia syndromes? Under review."},{"key":"2026100610151015000_2026.09.18.26363435v2.56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.48550\/arXiv.2406.16860"},{"key":"2026100610151015000_2026.09.18.26363435v2.57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.patcog.2015.03.009"},{"key":"2026100610151015000_2026.09.18.26363435v2.58","unstructured":"Bedrick S. Computational analysis of aphasic narrative speech: Are we there yet? [Internet]. 2024 Aug 23; CSTAR. Available from: http:\/\/cstar.sc.edu\/lecture-series\/"},{"key":"2026100610151015000_2026.09.18.26363435v2.59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1010933404324"},{"key":"2026100610151015000_2026.09.18.26363435v2.60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.21105\/joss.00638"},{"key":"2026100610151015000_2026.09.18.26363435v2.61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-025-13000-8"},{"key":"2026100610151015000_2026.09.18.26363435v2.62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2017.00269"},{"key":"2026100610151015000_2026.09.18.26363435v2.63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000213524"},{"key":"2026100610151015000_2026.09.18.26363435v2.64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bandl.2012.04.005"},{"key":"2026100610151015000_2026.09.18.26363435v2.65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/braincomms\/fcad136"},{"key":"2026100610151015000_2026.09.18.26363435v2.66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/13554790490497256"},{"key":"2026100610151015000_2026.09.18.26363435v2.67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/nlp.2024.33"}],"container-title":[],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/syndication.highwire.org\/content\/doi\/10.64898\/2026.09.18.26363435","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]],"date-time":"2026-10-06T17:15:25Z","timestamp":1791306925000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/medrxiv.org\/lookup\/doi\/10.64898\/2026.09.18.26363435"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,21]]},"references-count":67,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.64898\/2026.09.18.26363435","relation":{},"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,21]]},"subtype":"preprint"}}