{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"institution":[{"name":"bioRxiv"}],"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,8]],"date-time":"2026-10-08T14:00:20Z","timestamp":1791468020803,"version":"4.3.4"},"posted":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,22]]},"group-title":"Bioengineering","reference-count":28,"publisher":"openRxiv","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,22]],"date-time":"2026-09-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790035200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"award":["DP5OD038607"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DP5OD038607"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/01cwqze88","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Optical redox ratio (ORR) is a commonly used metric to quantify the metabolic state of biological samples based on autofluorescence of NAD(P)H and FAD. Despite its relevance and popularity, little work has been done to quantify the estimation error of ORR, especially in low-photon count data. Here, we provide an analytical solution to determine ORR variability in the presence of shot noise and dark counts. We then validate this analytical model with simulated and experimental data. This work will enable researchers to quantify the uncertainty in their ORR measurements, aiding in more accurate and efficient experimental design and data analysis.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.64898\/2026.09.18.751471","type":"posted-content","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,23]],"date-time":"2026-09-23T07:25:11Z","timestamp":1790148311000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Impact of noise on optical redox ratio estimation"],"prefix":"10.64898","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1733-8601","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Evan K.","family":"Sharafuddin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical And Systems Engineering, McKelvey School of Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis, 1 Brookings Drive, St. Louis, MO 63130, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xinyuan","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical And Systems Engineering, McKelvey School of Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis, 1 Brookings Drive, St. Louis, MO 63130, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hong","family":"Hu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical And Systems Engineering, McKelvey School of Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis, 1 Brookings Drive, St. Louis, MO 63130, USA"},{"name":"Department of Statistics and Data Science, Arts & Sciences, Washington University in St. Louis, 1 Brookings Drive, St. Louis, MO 63130, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0071-8509","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Janet E.","family":"Sorrells","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical And Systems Engineering, McKelvey School of Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis, 1 Brookings Drive, St. Louis, MO 63130, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"54368","reference":[{"key":"2026100806200692000_2026.09.18.751471v2.1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-bioeng-071516-044730"},{"key":"2026100806200692000_2026.09.18.751471v2.2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.123.3191.309"},{"key":"2026100806200692000_2026.09.18.751471v2.3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1117\/1.JBO.30.S2.S23901"},{"key":"2026100806200692000_2026.09.18.751471v2.4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0708425104"},{"key":"2026100806200692000_2026.09.18.751471v2.5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1063\/1.1685313"},{"key":"2026100806200692000_2026.09.18.751471v2.6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1158\/0008-5472.CAN-13-0527"},{"key":"2026100806200692000_2026.09.18.751471v2.7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1364\/BOE.8.002368"},{"key":"2026100806200692000_2026.09.18.751471v2.8","first-page":"738","volume-title":"in Medical Imaging 2009: Biomedical Applications in Molecular, Structural, and Functional Imaging","volume":"7262","year":"2009"},{"key":"2026100806200692000_2026.09.18.751471v2.9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1909243116"},{"key":"2026100806200692000_2026.09.18.751471v2.10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1553477","DOI":"10.1080\/2162402X.2018.1553477","article-title":"Evaluating natural killer cell cytotoxicity against solid tumors using a microfluidic model","volume":"8","year":"2019","journal-title":"OncoImmunology"},{"key":"2026100806200692000_2026.09.18.751471v2.11","first-page":"77","article-title":"Classification of t-cell activation via autofluorescence lifetime imaging","volume":"5","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat. 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