{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"institution":[{"name":"medRxiv"}],"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,23]],"date-time":"2026-10-23T21:20:22Z","timestamp":1792790422207,"version":"4.5.0"},"posted":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,22]]},"group-title":"Neurology","reference-count":18,"publisher":"openRxiv","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,22]],"date-time":"2026-09-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790035200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development","award":["R01HD082176"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01HD082176"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/04byxyr05","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,22]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>\n                  Word-finding difficulty (tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon) is among the most prevalent changes reported by persons with multiple sclerosis (MS), but we lack validated performance metrics to assess this common symptom.\n                  <jats:italic>Antonyms<\/jats:italic>\n                  is a novel task evaluating retrieval of target phonological codes\n                  <jats:italic>via<\/jats:italic>\n                  a brief, clinically-feasible paradigm that controls for other cognitive processes. Test-retest reliability was good (0.85). Among 660 patients,\n                  <jats:italic>Antonyms<\/jats:italic>\n                  demonstrated better criterion validity than traditional language tasks (e.g., animal generation, Boston Naming Test). Demonstrating discriminate validity,\n                  <jats:italic>Antonyms<\/jats:italic>\n                  was specifically related to patient-reported difficulties with expressive language rather than working memory, executive\/speed, or episodic memory. The\n                  <jats:italic>Antonyms<\/jats:italic>\n                  task is provided herein.\n                <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.64898\/2026.09.21.26363587","type":"posted-content","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,22]],"date-time":"2026-09-22T23:30:12Z","timestamp":1790119812000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["<i>Antonyms:<\/i>\n                  A Performance Metric to Assess Word-Finding Difficulty in Multiple Sclerosis"],"prefix":"10.64898","author":[{"given":"James F.","family":"Sumowski","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Emily","family":"Dvorak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"54368","reference":[{"key":"2026092502550819000_2026.09.21.26363587v1.1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awaf446"},{"key":"2026092502550819000_2026.09.21.26363587v1.2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1752","DOI":"10.1177\/1352458519881760","article-title":"Word-finding difficulty is a prevalent disease-related deficit in early multiple sclerosis","volume":"26","year":"2020","journal-title":"Mult Scler"},{"key":"2026092502550819000_2026.09.21.26363587v1.3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101896","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msard.2019.101896","article-title":"Prevalence of self-reported language impairment in multiple sclerosis and the association with health-related quality of life: An international survey study","volume":"39","year":"2020","journal-title":"Mult Scler Relat Disord"},{"key":"2026092502550819000_2026.09.21.26363587v1.4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-295X.104.4.801"},{"key":"2026092502550819000_2026.09.21.26363587v1.5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jml.2006.05.007"},{"key":"2026092502550819000_2026.09.21.26363587v1.6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1374","DOI":"10.1177\/13524585241259648","article-title":"Phonemic processing is below expectations and linked to word-finding difficulty in multiple sclerosis","volume":"30","year":"2024","journal-title":"Mult Scler"},{"key":"2026092502550819000_2026.09.21.26363587v1.7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3758\/BF03195588"},{"key":"2026092502550819000_2026.09.21.26363587v1.8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msard.2021.102950"},{"key":"2026092502550819000_2026.09.21.26363587v1.9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1276","DOI":"10.1177\/1352458520958359","article-title":"Depression and cognitive function in early multiple sclerosis: Multitasking is more sensitive than traditional assessments","volume":"27","year":"2021","journal-title":"Mult Scler"},{"key":"2026092502550819000_2026.09.21.26363587v1.10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"352","DOI":"10.1177\/13524585241309805","article-title":"Multiple Sclerosis Cognitive Scale (MSCS): A brief psychometrically robust metric of patient-reported cognitive difficulty","volume":"31","year":"2025","journal-title":"Mult Scler"},{"key":"2026092502550819000_2026.09.21.26363587v1.11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"441","DOI":"10.1080\/23279095.2018.1439830","article-title":"Executive, language, or both? An examination of the construct validity of verbal fluency measures","volume":"26","year":"2019","journal-title":"Appl Neuropsychol Adult"},{"key":"2026092502550819000_2026.09.21.26363587v1.12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.2007.07010042"},{"key":"2026092502550819000_2026.09.21.26363587v1.13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropsychologia.2005.10.006"},{"key":"2026092502550819000_2026.09.21.26363587v1.14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.41.5.685"},{"key":"2026092502550819000_2026.09.21.26363587v1.15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"549","DOI":"10.1017\/S1355617706060723","article-title":"Validity of the minimal assessment of cognitive function in multiple sclerosis (MACFIMS)","volume":"12","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Int Neuropsychol Soc"},{"key":"2026092502550819000_2026.09.21.26363587v1.16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1351","DOI":"10.1177\/13524585211069167","article-title":"Cortical lesion hotspots and association of subpial lesions with disability in multiple sclerosis","volume":"28","year":"2022","journal-title":"Mult Scler"},{"key":"2026092502550819000_2026.09.21.26363587v1.17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000002219"},{"key":"2026092502550819000_2026.09.21.26363587v1.18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104000","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cognition.2019.06.012","article-title":"A real-time mechanism underlying lexical deficits in developmental language disorder: Between-word inhibition","volume":"191","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cognition"}],"container-title":[],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/syndication.highwire.org\/content\/doi\/10.64898\/2026.09.21.26363587","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,25]],"date-time":"2026-09-25T09:55:13Z","timestamp":1790330113000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/medrxiv.org\/lookup\/doi\/10.64898\/2026.09.21.26363587"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,22]]},"references-count":18,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.64898\/2026.09.21.26363587","relation":{},"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,22]]},"subtype":"preprint"}}