{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"institution":[{"name":"bioRxiv"}],"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,28]],"date-time":"2026-09-28T17:57:48Z","timestamp":1790618268707,"version":"4.1.0"},"posted":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,24]]},"group-title":"Biophysics","reference-count":97,"publisher":"openRxiv","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,24]],"date-time":"2026-09-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790208000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Institutes of Health","award":["R01AI162260"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01AI162260"]}]},{"name":"National Institutes of Health","award":["R35GM164118"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R35GM164118"]}]},{"name":"National Institutes of Health","award":["T32HL007974"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["T32HL007974"]}]},{"award":["OAC-2311550"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["OAC-2311550"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/021nxhr62","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"award":["ID-2411133"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ID-2411133"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/021nxhr62","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"award":["IZCOZ0_220223"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["IZCOZ0_220223"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/00yjd3n13","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,24]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>\n                  Phe-Gly-rich nucleoporins (FG-Nups) within the nuclear pore complex (NPC) form a diffusion barrier that controls the exchange of macromolecules between the nucleus and cytoplasm. The behaviors of these intrinsically disordered FG-Nups are fundamental to the NPC function but remain difficult to probe within the dynamic, native nuclear pore. To bridge this knowledge gap, here we build expandable DNA-origami rings with tunable elasticity and study FG-Nups site-specifically tethered in such mechanically responsive NPC mimics. The elastic deformation of DNA rings, measured by single-particle TEM, reveals the type (attraction or repulsion) and strength of FG-Nup interactions that shape the collective morphology of these unstructured proteins. Analyzing homotypic interactions of five FG-Nup species finds diverse FG-Nup behaviors that can be classified as repulsive\/extended (Nsp1), moderately cohesive\/extended (Nup62, Nup153, and Nup214), and strongly cohesive\/compact (Nup98). Furthermore, we examine how FG-Nups\u2019 primary sequence,\n                  <jats:italic>O<\/jats:italic>\n                  -glycosylation, grafting density, and binding to nuclear transport receptors (NTRs) impact their biophysical state. For example,\n                  <jats:italic>O<\/jats:italic>\n                  -GlcNAcylation reduced FG-Nup cohesiveness, switching Nup98 from a collapsed state to more extended conformations. Our work thus elucidates spatially confined Nup\u2013Nup and Nup\u2013NTR interactions within an NPC-like nanopore, suggests a previously underappreciated role of FG-Nups in modulating NPC dilation, and establishes a generalizable method for studying multivalent interactions among disordered proteins.\n                <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.64898\/2026.09.22.753628","type":"posted-content","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,24]],"date-time":"2026-09-24T12:55:28Z","timestamp":1790254528000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Expandable DNA-origami rings as a nanomechanical platform for studying disordered nucleoporins"],"prefix":"10.64898","author":[{"given":"Eason","family":"Cao","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cell Biology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA"},{"name":"Nanobiology Institute, Yale University, West Haven, CT, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christopher","family":"Maffeo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physics, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA"},{"name":"Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lukas","family":"Beckert","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biozentrum, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland"},{"name":"Swiss Nanoscience Institute, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Larisa E.","family":"Kapinos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biozentrum, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland"},{"name":"Swiss Nanoscience Institute, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ryan J.","family":"Malonis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daniel","family":"Son","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nanobiology Institute, Yale University, West Haven, CT, USA"},{"name":"Department of Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kun","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cell Biology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA"},{"name":"Nanobiology Institute, Yale University, West Haven, CT, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhuxi","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cell Biology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA"},{"name":"Nanobiology Institute, Yale University, West Haven, CT, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qingzhou","family":"Feng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cell Biology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA"},{"name":"Nanobiology Institute, Yale University, West Haven, CT, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sunandini","family":"Chandra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cell Biology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qi","family":"Shen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cell Biology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA"},{"name":"Nanobiology Institute, Yale University, West Haven, CT, USA"},{"name":"Department of Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yong","family":"Xiong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4703-0533","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"C. 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