{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"institution":[{"name":"medRxiv"}],"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T11:54:25Z","timestamp":1790769265375,"version":"4.1.0"},"posted":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,27]]},"group-title":"Infectious Diseases (except HIV\/AIDS)","reference-count":75,"publisher":"openRxiv","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,27]],"date-time":"2026-09-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790467200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"award":["R01-AI184502"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01-AI184502"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/001d55x84","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"award":["R01-AI132374"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01-AI132374"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/001d55x84","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"award":["R01-AI172838"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01-AI172838"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/001d55x84","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,27]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>\n                  Nontuberculous mycobacterial (NTM) infections are a scourge that affect growing patient populations due to the rise of risk factors associated with these opportunistic pathogens. Cure rates are unacceptably low despite intensive multidrug and multi-year therapy. The issue of poor drug exposure relative to inferior potency of repurposed antibiotics against NTM pathogens is broadly recognized as a major factor underlying dismal success rates. Yet, a quantitative and systematic evaluation of probabilities of pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic (PK-PD) target attainment (PTA) is lacking. Here, we leveraged published population PK models and minimum inhibitory concentration distributions across large patient populations to generate PTAs for standard of care antibiotics used in the treatment of NTM infections. PTAs of tuberculosis drugs were included in our analysis as a baseline since tuberculosis cure rates are excellent compared to NTM diseases. We found that PK-PD target attainment for NTM was low overall and that PTAs were generally consistent with reported clinical outcomes. Specifically, drugs for which genetic resistance is associated with worse outcome showed favorable PTAs, consistent with their contribution to cure. These include macrolides for\n                  <jats:italic>M. abscessus<\/jats:italic>\n                  and the\n                  <jats:italic>M. avium<\/jats:italic>\n                  complex (MAC), and rifampicin for\n                  <jats:italic>M. kansasii<\/jats:italic>\n                  . Bedaquiline emerged as a promising option against\n                  <jats:italic>M. abscessus<\/jats:italic>\n                  and MAC, and clofazimine against the latter, consistent with recent clinical reports. Omadacycline PTAs predict improved efficacy compared to tigecycline for patients with\n                  <jats:italic>M. abscessus<\/jats:italic>\n                  and suggest clinical utility for MAC. As is common practice for antibacterials, PTA considerations could inform NTM treatment guidelines and help select drug combinations in future trials.\n                <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.64898\/2026.09.24.26363927","type":"posted-content","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,27]],"date-time":"2026-09-27T21:35:13Z","timestamp":1790544913000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Falling short: Inadequate target attainment in guideline-based therapy of nontuberculous mycobacterial disease"],"prefix":"10.64898","author":[{"given":"Trevor Jaan","family":"Shoaf","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tyler","family":"Dierckman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Noah","family":"Strawhacker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mathematics, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA"},{"name":"Department of Statistics, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marina de Lorena Muniz","family":"Surani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA"},{"name":"School of Chemical Engineering, University of Campinas, Campinas, S\u00e3o Paulo, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Meghna","family":"Nair","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Erika","family":"Bawab","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Patricio","family":"Escalante","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine Mayo Clinic Rochester, Minnesota"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9604-9452","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Thomas","family":"Dick","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Discovery and Innovation, Hackensack Meridian Health, Nutley, New Jersey, USA"},{"name":"Department of Medical Sciences, Hackensack Meridian School of Medicine, Nutley, New Jersey, USA"},{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Georgetown University, Washington DC, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9470-5009","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"V\u00e9ronique","family":"Dartois","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Discovery and Innovation, Hackensack Meridian Health, Nutley, New Jersey, USA"},{"name":"Department of Medical Sciences, Hackensack Meridian School of Medicine, Nutley, New Jersey, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5408-8795","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Elsje","family":"Pienaar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA"},{"name":"Regenstrief Center for Healthcare Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA"},{"name":"Stellenbosch Institute for Advance Study (STIAS), Wallenberg Research Centre at Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"54368","reference":[{"key":"2026093003550884000_2026.09.24.26363927v1.1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/cix517"},{"key":"2026093003550884000_2026.09.24.26363927v1.2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chest.2017.04.166"},{"key":"2026093003550884000_2026.09.24.26363927v1.3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciaa1125"},{"key":"2026093003550884000_2026.09.24.26363927v1.4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41573-024-00897-5"},{"key":"2026093003550884000_2026.09.24.26363927v1.5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkr578"},{"key":"2026093003550884000_2026.09.24.26363927v1.6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kwak N , Dalcolmo MP , Daley CL , Eather G , Gayoso R , Hasegawa N , Jhun BW , Koh WJ , Namkoong H , Park J , Thomson R , van Ingen J , Zweijpfenning SMH , Yim JJ . 2019. M ycobacterium abscessus pulmonary disease: individual patient data meta-analysis. Eur Respir J 54.","DOI":"10.1183\/13993003.01991-2018"},{"key":"2026093003550884000_2026.09.24.26363927v1.7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pasipanodya JG , Ogbonna D , Ferro BE , Magombedze G , Srivastava S , Deshpande D , Gumbo T . 2017. Systematic Review and Meta-analyses of the Effect of Chemotherapy on Pulmonary Mycobacterium abscessus Outcomes and Disease Recurrence. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 61.","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.01206-17"},{"key":"2026093003550884000_2026.09.24.26363927v1.8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-018-3113-x"},{"key":"2026093003550884000_2026.09.24.26363927v1.9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Luo X , Chen Y , Forsman LD , He Y , Yang G , Wei W , Lou H , Wang L , Yao L , Liu Y , Bruchfeld J , Alffenaar JW , Xu B , Zheng X , Sha W . 2025. Association of Antimicrobial Susceptibility with Treatment Response in Mycobacterium avium complex Pulmonary Disease. Pathogens 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens14121218"},{"key":"2026093003550884000_2026.09.24.26363927v1.10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kim BG , Yu JY , Jhun BW . 2023. Spontaneous Cultural Conversion Rate of Mycobacterium avium Complex Pulmonary Disease Based on BACES Severity. J Clin Med 12.","DOI":"10.20944\/preprints202310.1983.v1"},{"key":"2026093003550884000_2026.09.24.26363927v1.11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hwang JA , Kim S , Jo KW , Shim TS . 2017. Natural history of Mycobacterium avium complex lung disease in untreated patients with stable course. Eur Respir J 49.","DOI":"10.1183\/13993003.00537-2016"},{"key":"2026093003550884000_2026.09.24.26363927v1.12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Trudel C , Onotera M , Gibson D , Khan FA , Behr MA , Menzies D . 2025. A retrospective review of non-tuberculous Mycobacterium treatment in Montreal. Canadian Journal of Respiratory, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine May 15.","DOI":"10.1080\/24745332.2025.2488848"},{"key":"2026093003550884000_2026.09.24.26363927v1.13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Consortium C . 2022. Epidemiological cut-off values for a 96-well broth microdilution plate for high-throughput research antibiotic susceptibility testing of M. tuberculosis. Eur Respir J 60.","DOI":"10.1183\/13993003.00239-2022"},{"key":"2026093003550884000_2026.09.24.26363927v1.14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijantimicag.2013.03.010"},{"key":"2026093003550884000_2026.09.24.26363927v1.15","unstructured":"WHO. 2018. Technical Report on critical concentrations for drug susceptibility testing of medicines used in the treatment of drug-resistant tuberculosis. Geneva."},{"key":"2026093003550884000_2026.09.24.26363927v1.16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"van Ingen J , Hoefsloot W , Dartois V , Dick T . 2024. Rifampicin has no role in treatment of Mycobacterium avium complex pulmonary disease and bactericidal sterilising drugs are needed: a viewpoint. Eur Respir J 63.","DOI":"10.1183\/13993003.02210-2023"},{"key":"2026093003550884000_2026.09.24.26363927v1.17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"448 e1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmi.2021.07.015","article-title":"Standard therapy of Mycobacterium avium complex pulmonary disease shows limited efficacy in an open source hollow fibre system that simulates human plasma and epithelial lining fluid pharmacokinetics","volume":"28","year":"2022","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol Infect"},{"key":"2026093003550884000_2026.09.24.26363927v1.18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmi.2023.02.007"},{"key":"2026093003550884000_2026.09.24.26363927v1.19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciag062"},{"key":"2026093003550884000_2026.09.24.26363927v1.20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100238","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chpulm.2026.100238","article-title":"Clinical Evaluation of Omadacycline for Pulmonary Mycobacterium abscessus Complex Infections: A Subgroup Analysis With a Focus on Macrolide Resistance","volume":"4","year":"2026","journal-title":"CHEST Pulm"},{"key":"2026093003550884000_2026.09.24.26363927v1.21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/spectrum.03296-25:e0329625"},{"key":"2026093003550884000_2026.09.24.26363927v1.22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1063453","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2022.1063453","article-title":"Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of anti-tuberculosis drugs: An evaluation of in vitro, in vivo methodologies and human studies","volume":"13","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Pharmacol"},{"key":"2026093003550884000_2026.09.24.26363927v1.23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.02950-14"},{"key":"2026093003550884000_2026.09.24.26363927v1.24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"785","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ccm.2023.06.010","article-title":"Treatment Approaches to Mycobacterium abscessus Pulmonary Disease","volume":"44","year":"2023","journal-title":"Clin Chest Med"},{"key":"2026093003550884000_2026.09.24.26363927v1.25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.201003-0395OC"},{"key":"2026093003550884000_2026.09.24.26363927v1.26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.01240-16"},{"key":"2026093003550884000_2026.09.24.26363927v1.27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.02854-15"},{"key":"2026093003550884000_2026.09.24.26363927v1.28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0146424","DOI":"10.1128\/aac.01464-24","article-title":"Bedaquiline does not enhance a clofazimine-azithromycin-ethambutol regimen against Mycobacterium avium in the hollow-fiber system","volume":"69","year":"2025","journal-title":"Antimicrob Agents Chemother"},{"key":"2026093003550884000_2026.09.24.26363927v1.29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dky526"},{"key":"2026093003550884000_2026.09.24.26363927v1.30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102711","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jiph.2025.102711","article-title":"Two-drug versus three-drug regimens for treating Mycobacterium avium complex infection: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"18","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Infect Public Health"},{"key":"2026093003550884000_2026.09.24.26363927v1.31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/aac.00874-23:e0087423"},{"key":"2026093003550884000_2026.09.24.26363927v1.32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2165\/00002018-199921020-00006"},{"key":"2026093003550884000_2026.09.24.26363927v1.33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/aac.01157-23:e0115723"},{"key":"2026093003550884000_2026.09.24.26363927v1.34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkx311"},{"key":"2026093003550884000_2026.09.24.26363927v1.35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkae041"},{"key":"2026093003550884000_2026.09.24.26363927v1.36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1961","DOI":"10.1080\/14656566.2021.1953472","article-title":"The role of amikacin in the treatment of nontuberculous mycobacterial disease","volume":"22","year":"2021","journal-title":"Expert Opin Pharmacother"},{"key":"2026093003550884000_2026.09.24.26363927v1.37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0322223","DOI":"10.1128\/spectrum.03222-23","article-title":"Time-dependent pharmacodynamics of amikacin on Mycobacterium abscessus growth and resistance emergence","volume":"12","year":"2024","journal-title":"Microbiol Spectr"},{"key":"2026093003550884000_2026.09.24.26363927v1.38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/aac.02212-21"},{"key":"2026093003550884000_2026.09.24.26363927v1.39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/aac.00381-23"},{"key":"2026093003550884000_2026.09.24.26363927v1.40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.200604-571ST"},{"key":"2026093003550884000_2026.09.24.26363927v1.41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zimenkov D . 2022. Variability of Mycobacterium avium Complex Isolates Drug Susceptibility Testing by Broth Microdilution. Antibiotics (Basel) 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics11121756"},{"key":"2026093003550884000_2026.09.24.26363927v1.42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.02282-15"},{"key":"2026093003550884000_2026.09.24.26363927v1.43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.00961-16"},{"key":"2026093003550884000_2026.09.24.26363927v1.44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Steffens NA , Zimmermann ES , Azeredo FJ , Linden R , Finatto LJ , Hahn RZ , Schwarzbold AV , Pacheco LS , Brucker N . 2025. Therapeutic Drug Monitoring-Based Population Pharmacokinetics of Amikacin in Patients at a Teaching Hospital. Antibiotics (Basel) 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics14060531"},{"key":"2026093003550884000_2026.09.24.26363927v1.45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10096-004-1109-5"},{"key":"2026093003550884000_2026.09.24.26363927v1.46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1022090","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2023.1022090","article-title":"Population pharmacokinetics and model-based dosing evaluation of bedaquiline in multidrug-resistant tuberculosis patients","volume":"14","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front Pharmacol"},{"key":"2026093003550884000_2026.09.24.26363927v1.47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.02763-14"},{"key":"2026093003550884000_2026.09.24.26363927v1.48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jcpt.12157"},{"key":"2026093003550884000_2026.09.24.26363927v1.49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2165\/00003088-199937050-00003"},{"key":"2026093003550884000_2026.09.24.26363927v1.50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"497","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciac511","article-title":"Pharmacokinetic-Pharmacodynamic Determinants of Clinical Outcomes for Rifampin-Resistant Tuberculosis: A Multisite Prospective Cohort Study","volume":"76","year":"2023","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"2026093003550884000_2026.09.24.26363927v1.51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/651377"},{"key":"2026093003550884000_2026.09.24.26363927v1.52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1774","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciz942","article-title":"Integrating Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics in Operational Research to End Tuberculosis","volume":"70","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"2026093003550884000_2026.09.24.26363927v1.53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.01355-09"},{"key":"2026093003550884000_2026.09.24.26363927v1.54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"789","DOI":"10.1007\/s40262-022-01125-2","article-title":"A Review of Population Pharmacokinetic Analyses of Linezolid","volume":"61","year":"2022","journal-title":"Clin Pharmacokinet"},{"key":"2026093003550884000_2026.09.24.26363927v1.55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Srivastava S , Magombedze G , Koeuth T , Sherman C , Pasipanodya JG , Raj P , Wakeland E , Deshpande D , Gumbo T . 2017. Linezolid Dose That Maximizes Sterilizing Effect While Minimizing Toxicity and Resistance Emergence for Tuberculosis. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 61.","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.00751-17"},{"key":"2026093003550884000_2026.09.24.26363927v1.56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1345\/aph.1C199"},{"key":"2026093003550884000_2026.09.24.26363927v1.57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1345\/aph.1C419"},{"key":"2026093003550884000_2026.09.24.26363927v1.58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/424849"},{"key":"2026093003550884000_2026.09.24.26363927v1.59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1101\/2025.11.27.25341172:2025.11.27.25341172"},{"key":"2026093003550884000_2026.09.24.26363927v1.60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"ofab660","DOI":"10.1093\/ofid\/ofab660","article-title":"Model-Based Efficacy and Toxicity Comparisons of Moxifloxacin for Multidrug-Resistant Tuberculosis","volume":"9","year":"2022","journal-title":"Open Forum Infect Dis"},{"key":"2026093003550884000_2026.09.24.26363927v1.61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"ofab615","DOI":"10.1093\/ofid\/ofab615","article-title":"Increased Moxifloxacin Dosing Among Patients With Multidrug-Resistant Tuberculosis With Low-Level Resistance to Moxifloxacin Did Not Improve Treatment Outcomes in a Tertiary Care Center in Mumbai, India","volume":"9","year":"2022","journal-title":"Open Forum Infect Dis"},{"key":"2026093003550884000_2026.09.24.26363927v1.62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.47.7.2118-2124.2003"},{"key":"2026093003550884000_2026.09.24.26363927v1.63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Goutelle S , Bourguignon L , Maire PH , Van Guilder M , Conte JE, Jr ., Jelliffe RW . 2009. Pharmacokinetics and Antituberculosis Pharmacodynamics of Rifampin in Lungs: a Population Modeling and Monte Carlo Simulation Study. Antimicrob Agents Chemother.","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.01520-08"},{"key":"2026093003550884000_2026.09.24.26363927v1.64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.01533-06"},{"key":"2026093003550884000_2026.09.24.26363927v1.65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"710","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkaa512","article-title":"Rifabutin pharmacokinetics and safety among TB\/HIV-coinfected children receiving lopinavir\/ritonavir-containing second-line ART","volume":"76","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Antimicrob Chemother"},{"key":"2026093003550884000_2026.09.24.26363927v1.66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/429321"},{"key":"2026093003550884000_2026.09.24.26363927v1.67","unstructured":"Barrera L , Cooreman E , de Dieu Iragena J , Drobniewski F , Duda P , Havelkova M , Hoffner S , Kam KM , Kim SJ , Labelle S , Lambregts K , Leimane V , Nunn P , Ramsay A , Raviglione M , Rich M , Ridderhof J , Rodrigues F , Rusch-Gerdes S , Salfinger M , Scholten J , Selvakumar N , Shinnick T , Shul\u2019gina M , Skenders G , Sloutsky A , Small P , Van Deun A , Varaine F , Yagui M , Vincent V , Weyer K , Wright A , Zignol M . 2008. Policy Guidance on Drug-Susceptibility Testing (DST) of Second-Line Antituberculosis Drugs, Geneva."},{"key":"2026093003550884000_2026.09.24.26363927v1.68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0059414"},{"key":"2026093003550884000_2026.09.24.26363927v1.69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-022-32043-3"},{"key":"2026093003550884000_2026.09.24.26363927v1.70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkz061"},{"key":"2026093003550884000_2026.09.24.26363927v1.71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.03112-15"},{"key":"2026093003550884000_2026.09.24.26363927v1.72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1342947","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2024.1342947","article-title":"Population pharmacokinetics and individualized dosing of tigecycline for critically ill patients: a prospective study with intensive sampling","volume":"15","year":"2024","journal-title":"Front Pharmacol"},{"key":"2026093003550884000_2026.09.24.26363927v1.73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rmed.2019.10.006","article-title":"Efficacy and safety of tigecycline for Mycobacterium abscessus disease","volume":"158","year":"2019","journal-title":"Respir Med"},{"key":"2026093003550884000_2026.09.24.26363927v1.74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1007\/s40261-022-01119-9","article-title":"Omadacycline Oral Dosing and Pharmacokinetics in Community-Acquired Bacterial Pneumonia and Acute Bacterial Skin and Skin Structure Infection","volume":"42","year":"2022","journal-title":"Clin Drug Investig"},{"key":"2026093003550884000_2026.09.24.26363927v1.75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0108023","DOI":"10.1128\/aac.01080-23","article-title":"Omadacycline pharmacokinetics\/pharmacodynamics and efficacy against multidrug-resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis in the hollow fiber system model","volume":"68","year":"2024","journal-title":"Antimicrob Agents Chemother"}],"container-title":[],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/syndication.highwire.org\/content\/doi\/10.64898\/2026.09.24.26363927","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T10:55:20Z","timestamp":1790765720000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/medrxiv.org\/lookup\/doi\/10.64898\/2026.09.24.26363927"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,27]]},"references-count":75,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.64898\/2026.09.24.26363927","relation":{},"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,27]]},"subtype":"preprint"}}