{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"institution":[{"name":"bioRxiv"}],"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T13:58:06Z","timestamp":1790776686175,"version":"4.1.0"},"posted":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,26]]},"group-title":"Neuroscience","reference-count":52,"publisher":"openRxiv","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,26]],"date-time":"2026-09-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790380800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"NIH","award":["F32HD116572"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["F32HD116572"]}]},{"name":"NIH","award":["R01HD095912"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01HD095912"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,25]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>\n                  The development of speech in human children is a protracted process that depends on social experience. From early life, young children produce vocalizations in the presence of others, which affords unique opportunities for feedback about how to communicate successfully. However, for feedback to happen, young children\u2019s speech needs to effect change in the brains of their caregivers. Using dual-brain functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) to measure real-time communication between caregivers and their 2-to 3-year-old children (\n                  <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                  = 56), we found that children\u2019s vocalizations selectively modulated caregivers\u2019 brain activity. Parents\u2019 brains showed a rapid response to children\u2019s production of speech that was communicatively advanced (multiword utterances) vs. less advanced (babble). The findings imply that if part of learning to talk is figuring out how to get your communication partner to listen, then early conversations likely present continuous opportunities for feedback that guide children toward advances in spoken language.\n                <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.64898\/2026.09.25.754219","type":"posted-content","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,26]],"date-time":"2026-09-26T08:25:14Z","timestamp":1790411114000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Parents\u2019 neural dynamics in response to their children\u2019s speech"],"prefix":"10.64898","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5398-9284","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Steven L.","family":"Elmlinger","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ella","family":"Rosenberg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sagi","family":"Jaffe-Dax","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Psychological Sciences & Sagol School of Neuroscience, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mira L.","family":"Nencheva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Crystal","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jessica E.","family":"Kosie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Social and Behavioral Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Casey","family":"Lew-Williams","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"54368","reference":[{"key":"2026093006150985000_2026.09.25.754219v1.1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2517-6161.1995.tb02031.x"},{"key":"2026093006150985000_2026.09.25.754219v1.2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/desc.13491"},{"key":"2026093006150985000_2026.09.25.754219v1.3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1712022114"},{"key":"2026093006150985000_2026.09.25.754219v1.4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cub.2018.12.026"},{"key":"2026093006150985000_2026.09.25.754219v1.5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0305000903005701"},{"key":"2026093006150985000_2026.09.25.754219v1.6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-47643-1"},{"key":"2026093006150985000_2026.09.25.754219v1.7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.31219\/osf.io\/m43zh"},{"key":"2026093006150985000_2026.09.25.754219v1.8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature06910"},{"key":"2026093006150985000_2026.09.25.754219v1.9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.2024.0366"},{"key":"2026093006150985000_2026.09.25.754219v1.10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cub.2024.12.052"},{"key":"2026093006150985000_2026.09.25.754219v1.11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/desc.13296"},{"key":"2026093006150985000_2026.09.25.754219v1.12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1332441100"},{"key":"2026093006150985000_2026.09.25.754219v1.13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-8624.2009.01287.x"},{"key":"2026093006150985000_2026.09.25.754219v1.14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2024.114611"},{"key":"2026093006150985000_2026.09.25.754219v1.15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.5487-07.2008"},{"key":"2026093006150985000_2026.09.25.754219v1.16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1364\/AO48.00D280"},{"key":"2026093006150985000_2026.09.25.754219v1.17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-84610-1"},{"key":"2026093006150985000_2026.09.25.754219v1.18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-7687.2007.00572.x"},{"key":"2026093006150985000_2026.09.25.754219v1.19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.3684-10.2011"},{"key":"2026093006150985000_2026.09.25.754219v1.20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/srep43293"},{"key":"2026093006150985000_2026.09.25.754219v1.21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0242232"},{"key":"2026093006150985000_2026.09.25.754219v1.22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2019.06.056"},{"key":"2026093006150985000_2026.09.25.754219v1.23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0010-0277(93)90022-N"},{"key":"2026093006150985000_2026.09.25.754219v1.24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1044\/1092-4388(2001\/054)"},{"key":"2026093006150985000_2026.09.25.754219v1.25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1044\/2018_AJSLP-17-0100"},{"key":"2026093006150985000_2026.09.25.754219v1.26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41562-023-01698-3"},{"key":"2026093006150985000_2026.09.25.754219v1.27","unstructured":"Newport EL , Gleitman H , Gleitman LR . 1977. Mother, Id rather do it myself: some effects and non-effects of maternal speech style. Talking to Children. Cambridge University Press."},{"key":"2026093006150985000_2026.09.25.754219v1.28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/scan\/nsaa079"},{"key":"2026093006150985000_2026.09.25.754219v1.29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/cdev.13754"},{"key":"2026093006150985000_2026.09.25.754219v1.30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.2024.0374"},{"key":"2026093006150985000_2026.09.25.754219v1.31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.newideapsych.2022.100985"},{"key":"2026093006150985000_2026.09.25.754219v1.32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7554\/elife.94198"},{"key":"2026093006150985000_2026.09.25.754219v1.33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/AUD.0000000000000494"},{"key":"2026093006150985000_2026.09.25.754219v1.34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cognition.2021.104752"},{"key":"2026093006150985000_2026.09.25.754219v1.35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0956797619878698"},{"key":"2026093006150985000_2026.09.25.754219v1.36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-66778-0"},{"key":"2026093006150985000_2026.09.25.754219v1.37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dcn.2024.101482"},{"key":"2026093006150985000_2026.09.25.754219v1.38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dcn.2021.100967"},{"key":"2026093006150985000_2026.09.25.754219v1.39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Romeo RR , Leonard JA , Robinson ST , West MR , Mackey AP , Rowe ML , Gabrieli JDE . 2018. Beyond the 30-Million-Word Gap: Children\u2019s Conversational Exposure Is Associated With Language-Related Brain Function. Psychological Science.","DOI":"10.1177\/0956797617742725"},{"key":"2026093006150985000_2026.09.25.754219v1.40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/j.1538-7305.1948.tb01338.x"},{"key":"2026093006150985000_2026.09.25.754219v1.41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7554\/elife.75323"},{"key":"2026093006150985000_2026.09.25.754219v1.42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms12141"},{"key":"2026093006150985000_2026.09.25.754219v1.43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tics.2018.02.004"},{"key":"2026093006150985000_2026.09.25.754219v1.44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1525\/collabra.23445"},{"key":"2026093006150985000_2026.09.25.754219v1.45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0903616106"},{"key":"2026093006150985000_2026.09.25.754219v1.46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.2015.0370"},{"key":"2026093006150985000_2026.09.25.754219v1.47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cub.2017.05.004"},{"key":"2026093006150985000_2026.09.25.754219v1.48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/23312165241273346"},{"key":"2026093006150985000_2026.09.25.754219v1.49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/cbo9780511576164.010"},{"key":"2026093006150985000_2026.09.25.754219v1.50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0956797613488145"},{"key":"2026093006150985000_2026.09.25.754219v1.51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/334244a0"},{"key":"2026093006150985000_2026.09.25.754219v1.52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.1528-12.2012"}],"container-title":[],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/syndication.highwire.org\/content\/doi\/10.64898\/2026.09.25.754219","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T13:15:20Z","timestamp":1790774120000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/biorxiv.org\/lookup\/doi\/10.64898\/2026.09.25.754219"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,26]]},"references-count":52,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.64898\/2026.09.25.754219","relation":{},"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,26]]},"subtype":"preprint"}}