{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"institution":[{"name":"bioRxiv"}],"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]],"date-time":"2026-10-06T11:55:05Z","timestamp":1791287705875,"version":"4.1.0"},"posted":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]]},"group-title":"Neuroscience","reference-count":119,"publisher":"openRxiv","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790812800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Institute of Health","award":["R61DA058294"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R61DA058294"]}]},{"name":"National Institute of Health","award":["R21AI150355"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R21AI150355"]}]},{"name":"National Institute of Health","award":["R01AG065582"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01AG065582"]}]},{"name":"National Institute of Health","award":["R01AG082185"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01AG082185"]}]},{"name":"National Institute of Health","award":["R01AG095776"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01AG095776"]}]},{"name":"National Institute of Health","award":["R01AG050986"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01AG050986"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>\n                  Microglia are essential immune cells of the brain parenchyma which are responsible for maintaining homeostasis and responding to brain injury. When activated, they induce immune signaling and become phagocytic. In the context of neurodegenerative diseases, they exhibit both pro- and anti-inflammatory properties. Human endogenous retroviruses (HERVs) are the remnants of ancient retroviral germline infections that integrated into the human genome, and their expression has been directly linked to microglial-mediated neurodegenerative diseases. Despite this, HERV expression is not consistently included in analyses characterizing microglia. Investigating the function of microglia across different diseases is critical for elucidating mechanisms of disease progression and for the development of effective therapeutic interventions. Approaches to studying microglia include isolation from post-mortem brain tissues, differentiation from peripheral blood monocytes or differentiation of induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSC).\n                  <jats:italic>Ex vivo<\/jats:italic>\n                  brain derived microglia (BdMG) are considered most physiologically relevant, but constraints including the unpredictable timing of availability, labor-intensive protocols, and low yields reduce their practicality. Existing alternatives are iPSC-derived microglia (iMG) and monocyte-derived microglia (MDMi) models that circumvent sample accessibility and scalability issues. Here, we explored the transcriptome and proteome of these three microglia sources and identified a common microglia surface marker expression profile, establishing that MDMi and iMG exhibit similar phenotypes relative to BdMG. We also identified a common HERV expression profile across BdMG, iMG and MDMi, indicating deeper similarities across different sources. Altogether, our findings indicate that given the phenotypic similarities of the 2 models, MDMi represent a practical and reliable model for investigating microglial function with iMG models serving for more molecular based approaches, such as CRISPRa\/i.\n                <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.64898\/2026.09.25.754430","type":"posted-content","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T21:25:14Z","timestamp":1790889914000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Cross-source proteogenomic profiling of human microglia reveals a conserved core membrane protein and HERV signature"],"prefix":"10.64898","author":[{"given":"Hoi Tong","family":"Wong","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA,"},{"name":"Center for Vaccine Research and Pandemic Preparedness, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Charles","family":"Gleason","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA,"},{"name":"Center for Vaccine Research and Pandemic Preparedness, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrew","family":"Boylan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA,"},{"name":"Center for Vaccine Research and Pandemic Preparedness, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michelle","family":"Adler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA"},{"name":"Marc and Jennifer Lipschultz Precision Immunology Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Roman","family":"Kosoy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA"},{"name":"Center for Disease Neurogenomics, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA"},{"name":"Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA"},{"name":"Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"John F.","family":"Fullard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA"},{"name":"Center for Disease Neurogenomics, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA"},{"name":"Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA"},{"name":"Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elizabeth","family":"Levendosky","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA,"},{"name":"Center for Vaccine Research and Pandemic Preparedness, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0957-0224","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gabriel E.","family":"Hoffman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA"},{"name":"Center for Disease Neurogenomics, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA"},{"name":"Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA"},{"name":"Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Henrik","family":"Molina","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Proteomics Resource Center, Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Panos","family":"Roussos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA"},{"name":"Center for Disease Neurogenomics, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA"},{"name":"Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA"},{"name":"Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA"},{"name":"Mental Illness Research, Education and Clinical Center VISN2, James J. Peters VA Medical Center, Bronx, NY, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dusan","family":"Bogunovic","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA"},{"name":"Center for Genetic Errors of Immunity, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Viviana","family":"Simon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA,"},{"name":"Center for Vaccine Research and Pandemic Preparedness, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA"},{"name":"The Global Health and Emerging Pathogen Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA"},{"name":"Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA"},{"name":"Department of Pathology, Molecular and Cell based Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lubbertus C.F.","family":"Mulder","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA,"},{"name":"Center for Vaccine Research and Pandemic Preparedness, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA"},{"name":"The Global Health and Emerging Pathogen Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"54368","reference":[{"key":"2026100604301226000_2026.09.25.754430v1.1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Adler, G. L. , Le, K. , Fu, Y. & Kim, W. S . 2024. Human Endogenous Retroviruses in Neurodegenerative Diseases. Genes (Basel), 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/genes15060745"},{"key":"2026100604301226000_2026.09.25.754430v1.2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkaf394"},{"key":"2026100604301226000_2026.09.25.754430v1.3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.79.14.9270-9284.2005"},{"key":"2026100604301226000_2026.09.25.754430v1.4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M115.679043"},{"key":"2026100604301226000_2026.09.25.754430v1.5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/alz.12256"},{"key":"2026100604301226000_2026.09.25.754430v1.6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2023.113574"},{"key":"2026100604301226000_2026.09.25.754430v1.7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Belk, J. A. , Zhang, Y. , Reilly, E. E. , Shi, Q. , Dan Liu, D. , Womack-Gambrel, N. , Van Der Linde, M. , Ma, L. , Paul, D. , Enciso, A. M. , Kalluru, R. , Weiss, J. , Li, R. , Eastman, A. E. , Zhu, C. , Chakravarthy, A. , Bukhari, S. , Bhattacharya, D. , Raj, S. , Richard, D. , Brioschi, S. , Chrostek, M. R. , Nachun, D. C. , Arends, C. M. , Gopakumar, J. , Tengesdal, I. W. , Bynum, A. , Mitchell, S. , Sandor, K. , Zhang, W. , Vardarajan, B. N. , Cobos, I. , Born, D. E. , West, R. B. , Brunet, A. , Colonna, M. , Bharani, K. L. , Vogel, H. , Montine, T. J. , Latimer, C. S. , Weissman, I. L. , Matusiak, M. , Hooper, J. E. , Dirk Keene, C. , Chang, H. Y. & Jaiswal, S. 2026. Somatic mutations reveal the ontogeny of microglia in human aging. Nature.","DOI":"10.64898\/2026.05.19.726366"},{"key":"2026100604301226000_2026.09.25.754430v1.8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41588-022-01024-z"},{"key":"2026100604301226000_2026.09.25.754430v1.9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pcbi.1006453"},{"key":"2026100604301226000_2026.09.25.754430v1.10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2018.05.014"},{"key":"2026100604301226000_2026.09.25.754430v1.11","unstructured":"Boeke, J. D. & Stoye, J. P . 1997. Retrotransposons, Endogenous Retroviruses, and the Evolution of Retroelements. In: Coffin, J. M. , Hughes, S. H. & Varmus, H. E. (eds.) Retroviruses. Cold Spring Harbor (Ny)."},{"key":"2026100604301226000_2026.09.25.754430v1.12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bond, S. , Saxena, S. & Sierra-Delgado, J. A . 2025. Microglia in Als: Insights into Mechanisms and Therapeutic Potential. Cells, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/cells14060421"},{"key":"2026100604301226000_2026.09.25.754430v1.13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41593-018-0290-2"},{"key":"2026100604301226000_2026.09.25.754430v1.14","first-page":"1062328","article-title":"An assessment of bioinformatics tools for the detection of human endogenous retroviral insertions in short-read genome sequencing data","volume":"2","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Bioinform"},{"key":"2026100604301226000_2026.09.25.754430v1.15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pbio.3001826"},{"key":"2026100604301226000_2026.09.25.754430v1.16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nn.3599"},{"key":"2026100604301226000_2026.09.25.754430v1.17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2015.07.011"},{"key":"2026100604301226000_2026.09.25.754430v1.18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aad5497"},{"key":"2026100604301226000_2026.09.25.754430v1.19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1422187112"},{"key":"2026100604301226000_2026.09.25.754430v1.20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-immunol-051116-052358"},{"key":"2026100604301226000_2026.09.25.754430v1.21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"936","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.132.2.936","article-title":"Rapid killing of actinomycin D-treated tumor cells by human mononuclear cells. I. Effectors belong to the monocyte-macrophage lineage","volume":"132","year":"1984","journal-title":". J Immunol"},{"key":"2026100604301226000_2026.09.25.754430v1.22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.8346443"},{"key":"2026100604301226000_2026.09.25.754430v1.23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fncel.2022.816439"},{"key":"2026100604301226000_2026.09.25.754430v1.24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1083\/jcb.201612160"},{"key":"2026100604301226000_2026.09.25.754430v1.25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fnagi.2023.1186470"},{"key":"2026100604301226000_2026.09.25.754430v1.26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3324\/haematol.2011.043786"},{"key":"2026100604301226000_2026.09.25.754430v1.27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41593-023-01257-z"},{"key":"2026100604301226000_2026.09.25.754430v1.28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dembny, P. , Newman, A. G. , Singh, M. , Hinz, M. , Szczepek, M. , Kr\u00fcger, C. , Adalbert, R. , Dzaye, O. , Trimbuch, T. , Wallach, T. , Kleinau, G. , Derkow, K. , Richard, B. C. , Schipke, C. , Scheidereit, C. , Stachelscheid, H. , Golenbock, D. , Peters, O. , Coleman, M. , Heppner, F. L. , Scheerer, P. , Tarabykin, V. , Ruprecht, K. , Izsv\u00e1k, Z. , Mayer, J. & Lehnardt, S. 2020. Human endogenous retrovirus Herv-K(Hml-2) Rna causes neurodegeneration through Toll-like receptors. JCI Insight, 5.","DOI":"10.1172\/jci.insight.131093"},{"key":"2026100604301226000_2026.09.25.754430v1.29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.58.3.471"},{"key":"2026100604301226000_2026.09.25.754430v1.30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41580-023-00674-z"},{"key":"2026100604301226000_2026.09.25.754430v1.31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"765","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2024.10.020","article-title":"Ancient viral DNA in the human genome linked to neurodegenerative diseases","volume":"123","year":"2025","journal-title":"Brain Behav Immun"},{"key":"2026100604301226000_2026.09.25.754430v1.32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Esaulova, E. , Cantoni, C. , Shchukina, I. , Zaitsev, K. , Bucelli, R. C. , Wu, G. F. , Artyomov, M. N. , Cross, A. H. & Edelson, B. T . 2020. Single-cell RNA-seq analysis of human CSF microglia and myeloid cells in neuroinflammation. Neurol Neuroimmunol Neuroinflamm, 7.","DOI":"10.1212\/NXI.0000000000000732"},{"key":"2026100604301226000_2026.09.25.754430v1.33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1997.03550160069041"},{"key":"2026100604301226000_2026.09.25.754430v1.34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12974-017-0814-9"},{"key":"2026100604301226000_2026.09.25.754430v1.35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/pr200304u"},{"key":"2026100604301226000_2026.09.25.754430v1.36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nn.4597"},{"key":"2026100604301226000_2026.09.25.754430v1.37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"359","DOI":"10.1038\/s41392-023-01588-0","article-title":"Microglia in neurodegenerative diseases: mechanism and potential therapeutic targets","volume":"8","year":"2023","journal-title":"Signal Transduct Target Ther"},{"key":"2026100604301226000_2026.09.25.754430v1.38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1194637"},{"key":"2026100604301226000_2026.09.25.754430v1.39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gleason, C. , Terry, S. N. , Hernandez, M. M. , Jacob, S. , Fenyo, D. , Johnson, J. R. , Deikus, G. , Francoeur, N. , Hahn, A. , Sebra, R. , Zamarin, D. , Molina, H. , Simon, V. & Mulder, L. C. F. 2025. An integrated approach for the accurate detection of Herv-K Hml-2 transcription and protein synthesis. Nucleic Acids Res, 53.","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkaf011"},{"key":"2026100604301226000_2026.09.25.754430v1.40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2018.00462"},{"key":"2026100604301226000_2026.09.25.754430v1.41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.1007\/s13365-021-01049-w","article-title":"Human microglial models to study HIV infection and neuropathogenesis: a literature overview and comparative analyses","volume":"28","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Neurovirol"},{"key":"2026100604301226000_2026.09.25.754430v1.42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/MCB.19.3.1720"},{"key":"2026100604301226000_2026.09.25.754430v1.43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neurobiolaging.2007.07.021"},{"key":"2026100604301226000_2026.09.25.754430v1.44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e71117","DOI":"10.1002\/alz.71117","article-title":"Generation and characterization of iPSC-derived microglia for in vitro modeling of stimuli-specific neuroimmune responses","volume":"22","year":"2026","journal-title":"Alzheimers Dement"},{"key":"2026100604301226000_2026.09.25.754430v1.45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00401-017-1737-3"},{"key":"2026100604301226000_2026.09.25.754430v1.46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nn.3554"},{"key":"2026100604301226000_2026.09.25.754430v1.47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"545","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-031-55529-9_30","article-title":"Emerging Models to Study Human Microglia In vitro","volume":"37","year":"2024","journal-title":"Adv Neurobiol"},{"key":"2026100604301226000_2026.09.25.754430v1.48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41593-021-00999-y"},{"key":"2026100604301226000_2026.09.25.754430v1.49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41579-019-0189-2"},{"key":"2026100604301226000_2026.09.25.754430v1.50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biocel.2004.01.020"},{"key":"2026100604301226000_2026.09.25.754430v1.51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nbd.2022.105684"},{"key":"2026100604301226000_2026.09.25.754430v1.52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2017.05.018"},{"key":"2026100604301226000_2026.09.25.754430v1.53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nn.3318"},{"key":"2026100604301226000_2026.09.25.754430v1.54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/viro.1999.9792"},{"key":"2026100604301226000_2026.09.25.754430v1.55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fncel.2018.00206"},{"key":"2026100604301226000_2026.09.25.754430v1.56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41593-025-02020-2"},{"key":"2026100604301226000_2026.09.25.754430v1.57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/srep10775"},{"key":"2026100604301226000_2026.09.25.754430v1.58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2017.08.008"},{"key":"2026100604301226000_2026.09.25.754430v1.59","first-page":"119","article-title":"A robust method to derive functional neural crest cells from human pluripotent stem cells","volume":"2","year":"2013","journal-title":"Am J Stem Cells"},{"key":"2026100604301226000_2026.09.25.754430v1.60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/35057062"},{"key":"2026100604301226000_2026.09.25.754430v1.61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0306-4522(92)90500-2"},{"key":"2026100604301226000_2026.09.25.754430v1.62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"417","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cels.2015.12.004","article-title":"The Molecular Signatures Database (MSigdb) hallmark gene set collection","volume":"1","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cell Syst"},{"key":"2026100604301226000_2026.09.25.754430v1.63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/btr260"},{"key":"2026100604301226000_2026.09.25.754430v1.64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/glia.23563"},{"key":"2026100604301226000_2026.09.25.754430v1.65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2016.03.014"},{"key":"2026100604301226000_2026.09.25.754430v1.66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2024.114908"},{"key":"2026100604301226000_2026.09.25.754430v1.67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1099\/vir.0.81890-0"},{"key":"2026100604301226000_2026.09.25.754430v1.68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-025-56124-1"},{"key":"2026100604301226000_2026.09.25.754430v1.69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-019-0924-x"},{"key":"2026100604301226000_2026.09.25.754430v1.70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2024.11.003"},{"key":"2026100604301226000_2026.09.25.754430v1.71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-pathmechdis-042624-114332","article-title":"Basic Microglial Functions and How They Go Awry in Neurodegenerative Disease","volume":"21","year":"2026","journal-title":"Annu Rev Pathol"},{"key":"2026100604301226000_2026.09.25.754430v1.72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13024-018-0297-x"},{"key":"2026100604301226000_2026.09.25.754430v1.73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/glia.23023"},{"key":"2026100604301226000_2026.09.25.754430v1.74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1186\/s40478-017-0418-8","article-title":"Isolation of primary microglia from the human post-mortem brain: effects of ante- and post-mortem variables","volume":"5","year":"2017","journal-title":"Acta Neuropathol Commun"},{"key":"2026100604301226000_2026.09.25.754430v1.75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-444-63639-3.00019-0","article-title":"Purification of cells from fresh human brain tissue: primary human glial cells","volume":"150","year":"2018","journal-title":"Handb Clin Neurol"},{"key":"2026100604301226000_2026.09.25.754430v1.76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1616998114"},{"key":"2026100604301226000_2026.09.25.754430v1.77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-8993(91)91092-F"},{"key":"2026100604301226000_2026.09.25.754430v1.78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"82","DOI":"10.1186\/s13024-025-00867-4","article-title":"Biomarkers and therapeutic strategies targeting microglia in neurodegenerative diseases: current status and future directions","volume":"20","year":"2025","journal-title":"Mol Neurodegener"},{"key":"2026100604301226000_2026.09.25.754430v1.79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-020-19737-2"},{"key":"2026100604301226000_2026.09.25.754430v1.80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature06534"},{"key":"2026100604301226000_2026.09.25.754430v1.81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tibs.2014.10.010"},{"key":"2026100604301226000_2026.09.25.754430v1.82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.94.14.7583"},{"key":"2026100604301226000_2026.09.25.754430v1.83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0923-2516(89)80141-4"},{"key":"2026100604301226000_2026.09.25.754430v1.84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1352458512441381"},{"key":"2026100604301226000_2026.09.25.754430v1.85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Phan, K. , He, Y. , Fu, Y. , Dzamko, N. , Bhatia, S. , Gold, J. , Rowe, D. , Ke, Y. D. , Ittner, L. M. , Hodges, J. R. , Piguet, O. , Kiernan, M. C. , Halliday, G. M. & Kim, W. S . 2021. Pathological manifestation of human endogenous retrovirus K in frontotemporal dementia. Commun Med (Lond), 1.","DOI":"10.1038\/s43856-021-00060-w"},{"key":"2026100604301226000_2026.09.25.754430v1.86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12974-022-02421-1"},{"key":"2026100604301226000_2026.09.25.754430v1.87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/135245859500100205"},{"key":"2026100604301226000_2026.09.25.754430v1.88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2017.07.004"},{"key":"2026100604301226000_2026.09.25.754430v1.89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ryan, K. J. , White, C. C. , Patel, K. , Xu, J. , Olah, M. , Replogle, J. M. , Frangieh, M. , Cimpean, M. , Winn, P. , Mchenry, A. , Kaskow, B. J. , Chan, G. , Cuerdon, N. , Bennett, D. A. , Boyd, J. D. , Imitola, J. , Elyaman, W. , De Jager, P. L. & Bradshaw, E. M. 2017. A human microglia-like cellular model for assessing the effects of neurodegenerative disease gene variants. Sci Transl Med, 9.","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.aai7635"},{"key":"2026100604301226000_2026.09.25.754430v1.90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"98","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2022.09.015","article-title":"Human monocyte-derived microglia-like cell models: A review of the benefits, limitations and recommendations","volume":"107","year":"2023","journal-title":"Brain Behav Immun"},{"key":"2026100604301226000_2026.09.25.754430v1.91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature10098"},{"key":"2026100604301226000_2026.09.25.754430v1.92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2024.05.058"},{"key":"2026100604301226000_2026.09.25.754430v1.93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13059-022-02804-w"},{"key":"2026100604301226000_2026.09.25.754430v1.94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"408","DOI":"10.1186\/s12885-023-10895-2","article-title":"Identifies KCTD5 as a novel cancer biomarker associated with programmed cell death and chemotherapy drug sensitivity","volume":"23","year":"2023","journal-title":"Bmc Cancer"},{"key":"2026100604301226000_2026.09.25.754430v1.95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brainresbull.2011.10.004"},{"key":"2026100604301226000_2026.09.25.754430v1.96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pbio.3001884"},{"key":"2026100604301226000_2026.09.25.754430v1.97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0506580102"},{"key":"2026100604301226000_2026.09.25.754430v1.98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1742-4690-8-90"},{"key":"2026100604301226000_2026.09.25.754430v1.99","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2006.07.024"},{"key":"2026100604301226000_2026.09.25.754430v1.100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41380-019-0609-"},{"key":"2026100604301226000_2026.09.25.754430v1.101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1113\/JP272134"},{"key":"2026100604301226000_2026.09.25.754430v1.102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"497","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ibneur.2024.03.005","article-title":"Human pluripotent stem cell (hPSC)-derived microglia for the study of brain disorders. A comprehensive review of existing protocols","volume":"16","year":"2024","journal-title":". Ibro Neurosci Rep"},{"key":"2026100604301226000_2026.09.25.754430v1.103","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1101\/gr.172833.114"},{"key":"2026100604301226000_2026.09.25.754430v1.104","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20171265"},{"key":"2026100604301226000_2026.09.25.754430v1.105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msard.2016.04.006"},{"key":"2026100604301226000_2026.09.25.754430v1.106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"206","DOI":"10.1186\/s40478-019-0850-z","article-title":"Regulation of microglial TMEM119 and P2RY12 immunoreactivity in multiple sclerosis white and grey matter lesions is dependent on their inflammatory environment","volume":"7","year":"2019","journal-title":"Acta Neuropathol Commun"},{"key":"2026100604301226000_2026.09.25.754430v1.107","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1220484110"},{"key":"2026100604301226000_2026.09.25.754430v1.108","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrg3185"},{"key":"2026100604301226000_2026.09.25.754430v1.109","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fncel.2020.00066"},{"key":"2026100604301226000_2026.09.25.754430v1.110","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pbio.3002409"},{"key":"2026100604301226000_2026.09.25.754430v1.111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"180185","DOI":"10.1038\/sdata.2018.185","article-title":"The Mount Sinai cohort of large-scale genomic, transcriptomic and proteomic data in Alzheimer\u2019s disease","volume":"5","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci Data"},{"key":"2026100604301226000_2026.09.25.754430v1.112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, Y. , Liu, M. , Guo, X. , Zhang, B. , Li, H. , Liu, Y. , Han, J. , Jia, L. & Li, L . 2022. Endogenous Retrovirus Elements Are Co-Expressed with IFN Stimulation Genes in the Jak-Stat Pathway. Viruses, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/v15010060"},{"key":"2026100604301226000_2026.09.25.754430v1.113","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0304-3940(92)90444-C"},{"key":"2026100604301226000_2026.09.25.754430v1.114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15621","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-025-99867-z","article-title":"In vitro models of microglia: a comparative study","volume":"15","year":"2025","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"2026100604301226000_2026.09.25.754430v1.115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yan, X. , Georgopoulou, C. , Lee, H. M. , Ahrari, A. , Russ, J. , Chandrasekar, V. , Ducksch, T. , Crispatzu, G. , Talevi, V. , Qiao, L. , Agrawal, S. , Crux, S. , Daman, A. W. , Wischhof, L. , Stork, M. , Zweyer, M. , Zanfi, E. D. , Chevallot-Beroux, M. , Li, Y. , De-Domenico, E. , Husson, D. , Bonaguro, L. , Li, Y. , Schulte-Schrepping, J. , Liang, Q. , Kessler, K. , Ehninger, D. , Rafii, S. , Luo, J. , Hermann, A. , Halle, A. , Liu, Y. , Mass, E. , Capasso, M. , Kato, H. , Schultze, J. L. , Nicotera, P. , Bano, D. , Josefowicz, S. Z. , Fuhrmann, M. , Ulas, T. , Beyer, M. , Lin, J. , Breteler, M. M. B. , Aziz, N. A. & Salomoni, P . 2026. Microglia activation by derepression of endogenous retroviruses drives inflammation and cellular senescence. Nat Neurosci.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41593-026-02404-y"},{"key":"2026100604301226000_2026.09.25.754430v1.116","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1151526"},{"key":"2026100604301226000_2026.09.25.754430v1.117","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/cmi.2011.47"},{"key":"2026100604301226000_2026.09.25.754430v1.118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7534","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-025-62779-7","article-title":"Single-cell eQTL mapping of human endogenous retroviruses reveals cell type-specific genetic regulation in autoimmune diseases","volume":"16","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"2026100604301226000_2026.09.25.754430v1.119","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2015.00423"}],"container-title":[],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/syndication.highwire.org\/content\/doi\/10.64898\/2026.09.25.754430","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]],"date-time":"2026-10-06T11:30:29Z","timestamp":1791286229000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/biorxiv.org\/lookup\/doi\/10.64898\/2026.09.25.754430"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]]},"references-count":119,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.64898\/2026.09.25.754430","relation":{},"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]]},"subtype":"preprint"}}