{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"institution":[{"name":"bioRxiv"}],"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,23]],"date-time":"2026-10-23T21:19:29Z","timestamp":1792790369442,"version":"4.5.0"},"posted":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,2]]},"group-title":"Plant Biology","reference-count":68,"publisher":"openRxiv","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,2]],"date-time":"2026-10-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790899200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Science","id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/01bj3aw27","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"Genetic Dissection of Cells and Organisms NIH training grant","award":["1T32GM132022-01"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1T32GM132022-01"]}]},{"name":"The National Science Foundation Graduate Research Fellowship Program","award":["NSF-24-591"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NSF-24-591"]}]},{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/006w34k90","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"U.S. Department of Energy Office of Science, Biological and Environmental Research program","award":["DE-SC0023027"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DE-SC0023027"]}]},{"name":"Office of Science, Office of Basic Energy Sciences, of the U.S. Department of Energy","award":["DE-AC02-05CH11231 (CEB-H)"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DE-AC02-05CH11231 (CEB-H)"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/05mg91w61","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"the U.S. Department of Energy Office of Science","award":["DE-AC02-05CH11231 (CEB-H)"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DE-AC02-05CH11231 (CEB-H)"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>\n                  Photosynthetic organisms protect themselves from excess light through non-photochemical quenching (NPQ), a process that safely dissipates excess light energy as heat. Current understanding of NPQ is largely drawn from a few model systems, leaving it unclear how universal NPQ mechanisms are across the green lineage. We characterize the slow, sustained NPQ of the green alga,\n                  <jats:italic>Auxenochlorella protothecoides<\/jats:italic>\n                  x\n                  <jats:italic>symbiontica<\/jats:italic>\n                  (UTEX 250-A). The\n                  <jats:italic>Auxenochlorella<\/jats:italic>\n                  genome lacks Light-Harvesting Complex Stress Related (LHCSR), one of the two proteins required for the fast energy-dependent quenching (qE) component of NPQ. Mutants lacking the Photosystem II Subunit S (PSBS)-like gene (\n                  <jats:italic>psbsl1<\/jats:italic>\n                  ) in\n                  <jats:italic>Auxenochlorella<\/jats:italic>\n                  had no effect on NPQ, indicating this alga lacks canonical qE. We identified two candidate enzymes associated with zeaxanthin-dependent quenching (qZ), which has slower kinetics: a plant-type Violaxanthin De-Epoxidase (VDE) and an algal-type Chlorophycean Violaxanthin De-Epoxidase (CVDE). High light did not trigger the expected conversion of violaxanthin to zeaxanthin, a pigment change that is a hallmark of qZ. Mutants lacking VDE (\n                  <jats:italic>vde1<\/jats:italic>\n                  ), CVDE (\n                  <jats:italic>cvde1<\/jats:italic>\n                  ), or both enzymes (\n                  <jats:italic>vde1 cvde1<\/jats:italic>\n                  ) still displayed slow, reversible NPQ. However, when the\n                  <jats:italic>Auxenochlorella<\/jats:italic>\n                  VDE1 and CVDE1 were expressed in a VDE-deficient mutant of\n                  <jats:italic>Nicotiana benthamiana,<\/jats:italic>\n                  both enzymes restored zeaxanthin production and NPQ, confirming they are catalytically functional de-epoxidases. Together, these results reveal an alga that retains two functional, evolutionarily distinct xanthophyll-cycle enzymes yet does not rely on typical xanthophyll pigment dynamics for photoprotection. This points to a biological function that is decoupled from de-epoxidase activity, highlighting unexplored diversity in green algal photoprotection.\n                <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.64898\/2026.09.26.754548","type":"posted-content","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,2]],"date-time":"2026-10-02T16:25:15Z","timestamp":1790958315000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["A Natural qE- and qZ-Deficient Alga Retains Functional Plant-Like and Chlorophycean Violaxanthin De-Epoxidases"],"prefix":"10.64898","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-3690-9338","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Karina","family":"Cunningham","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA, United 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