{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"institution":[{"name":"bioRxiv"}],"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,23]],"date-time":"2026-10-23T21:20:18Z","timestamp":1792790418202,"version":"4.5.0"},"posted":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,2]]},"group-title":"Physiology","reference-count":54,"publisher":"openRxiv","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,2]],"date-time":"2026-10-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790899200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Foundation Fighting Blindness","award":["CD-CMM-0621-0808-PITT to BR"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CD-CMM-0621-0808-PITT to BR"]}]},{"name":"Pittsburgh Foundation","award":["Medical Research Grant to BR"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Medical Research Grant to BR"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/02p3esj04","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"The Hillman Foundation","award":["Collaborative grant to BR, TK, KCC, and IA"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Collaborative grant to BR, TK, KCC, and IA"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/02sxfy669","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"National Eye Institute","award":["NIH CORE grant P30 EY08098"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NIH CORE grant P30 EY08098"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/03wkg3b53","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"Research to Prevent Blindness","award":["Unrestricted Grant to the University of Pittsburgh Vision Institute"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Unrestricted Grant to the University of Pittsburgh Vision Institute"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/04drjs621","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"award":["Generously supporting research at the Vision Institute"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Generously supporting research at the Vision Institute"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/00y022594","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Purpose<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>To compare continuous wavelet transform (CWT) and short-time Fourier transform (STFT) analyses of the oscillatory potentials (OPs) of the dark-adapted full-field electroretinogram (FFERG).<\/jats:p>\n                <\/jats:sec>\n                <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>FFERG recordings from Royal College of Surgeons (RCS) and healthy Brown Norway (BN) rats, wild-type and Atoh7 enhancer-knockout (KO) mice, and patients with diabetic retinopathy and healthy controls were analyzed with STFT and with CWT employing the real Morlet wavelet, after 60 Hz high-pass and sharp 60 Hz notch filtering. Time- and frequency-localized OP features were quantified and the methods compared on detection of transient OP signals. Both were additionally validated using synthetic OP-like bursts of known frequency embedded in each cohort\u2019s recorded noise.<\/jats:p>\n                <\/jats:sec>\n                <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>CWT revealed distinct time\u2013frequency patterns and disease-specific OP alterations across all rat, mouse, and human cohorts, with improved temporal localization and frequency resolution, whereas STFT merged transient features and was more susceptible to noise. CWT-derived dominant-frequency differences reached significance in all three models; the corresponding STFT difference reached significance only in rats (separate tests; methods not directly compared). In synthetic bursts, both methods recovered injected frequencies to within 1\u20132.5 Hz, but only CWT resolved two bursts separated by 15 ms.<\/jats:p>\n                <\/jats:sec>\n                <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>CWT employing the real Morlet wavelet provides a robust, physiologically relevant evaluation of OPs, with improved temporal localization and reduced spectral dispersion relative to STFT in clinical and experimental settings.<\/jats:p>\n                <\/jats:sec>\n                <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Translational Relevance<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>CWT analysis may improve the characterization of inner retinal dysfunction by preserving transient OP time\u2013frequency structure, as illustrated in preclinical rodent models and diabetic retinopathy patients.<\/jats:p>\n                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