{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"institution":[{"name":"bioRxiv"}],"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,23]],"date-time":"2026-10-23T21:20:29Z","timestamp":1792790429989,"version":"4.5.0"},"posted":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]]},"group-title":"Neuroscience","reference-count":61,"publisher":"openRxiv","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]],"date-time":"2026-09-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790640000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"award":["F31MH146295 to CA"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["F31MH146295 to CA"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/04xeg9z08","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"award":["R37MH101495 to IHG"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R37MH101495 to IHG"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/04xeg9z08","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"award":["R01MH140425 to IHG"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01MH140425 to IHG"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/04xeg9z08","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"award":["F32MH135657 to JPU"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["F32MH135657 to JPU"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/04xeg9z08","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"award":["Graduate Research Fellowship Program to EG"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Graduate Research Fellowship Program to EG"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/021nxhr62","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Stanford University","award":["Stanford Interdisciplinary Graduate Fellowship (Wu Tsai Neurosciences Institute) to CA"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Stanford Interdisciplinary Graduate Fellowship (Wu Tsai Neurosciences Institute) to CA"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/00f54p054","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,28]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Childhood adversity has enduring consequences for health and development across the lifespan, yet the organizing structure linking diverse environmental experiences to the developing brain remains poorly understood. We jointly modeled 104 measures of children\u2019s environments, spanning interpersonal, household, and neighborhood contexts, with 7 neuroimaging modalities of brain structure and function in 5,976 youth. Despite this breadth, only a single adversity-brain dimension emerged and replicated in held-out data. This dimension was defined primarily by socioeconomic and neighborhood deprivation and selectively expressed in lower cortical surface area and distributed functional connectivity concentrated in sensorimotor systems. Total cortical surface area reproduced 96% of the regional association, indicating a global rather than regionally specific structural signature. This dimension predicted poorer cognition and cardiometabolic health six years later. These findings reveal a strikingly selective, low-dimensional relation between children\u2019s environments and neurodevelopment, with socioeconomic deprivation emerging as the principal environmental axis associated with the developing brain.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.64898\/2026.09.26.754719","type":"posted-content","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]],"date-time":"2026-09-29T09:55:19Z","timestamp":1790675719000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["A Single, Reproducible Dimension Organizes Associations Between the Early Environment and the Developing Brain"],"prefix":"10.64898","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9890-2197","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chase","family":"Antonacci","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA"},{"name":"Neurosciences Interdepartmental Program, Stanford University, Stanford, CA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-8540-2183","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kaitlyn","family":"Kwan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-0237-0107","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eugenia","family":"Giampetruzzi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7316-3562","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jessica P.","family":"Uy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3622-3199","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ian H.","family":"Gotlib","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA"},{"name":"Neurosciences Interdepartmental Program, Stanford University, Stanford, CA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"54368","reference":[{"key":"2026100321000696000_2026.09.26.754719v1.1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Green, J. G. et al. Childhood adversities and adult psychopathology in the National Comorbidity Survey Replication (NCS-R) I: Associations with first onset of DSM-IV disorders. Arch Gen Psychiatry 67, 113 (2010).","DOI":"10.1001\/archgenpsychiatry.2009.186"},{"key":"2026100321000696000_2026.09.26.754719v1.2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.bp.110.080499"},{"key":"2026100321000696000_2026.09.26.754719v1.3","first-page":"1","article-title":"The effects of early life adversity on children\u2019s mental health and cognitive functioning","volume":"12","year":"2022","journal-title":"Transl Psychiatry"},{"key":"2026100321000696000_2026.09.26.754719v1.4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0749-3797(98)00017-8"},{"key":"2026100321000696000_2026.09.26.754719v1.5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archgenpsychiatry.2011.2277"},{"key":"2026100321000696000_2026.09.26.754719v1.6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jadohealth.2012.05.006"},{"key":"2026100321000696000_2026.09.26.754719v1.7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2018.09.005"},{"key":"2026100321000696000_2026.09.26.754719v1.8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41583-021-00457-5"},{"key":"2026100321000696000_2026.09.26.754719v1.9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/npp.2015.252"},{"key":"2026100321000696000_2026.09.26.754719v1.10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nn.3983"},{"key":"2026100321000696000_2026.09.26.754719v1.11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2021.08.027"},{"key":"2026100321000696000_2026.09.26.754719v1.12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"277","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-devpsych-121318-084950","article-title":"Childhood Adversity and Neural Development: A Systematic Review","volume":"1","year":"2019","journal-title":"Annu Rev Dev Psychol"},{"key":"2026100321000696000_2026.09.26.754719v1.13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2359","DOI":"10.1007\/s00127-022-02277-z","article-title":"Prevalence of adverse childhood experiences and their co-occurrence in a large population of adolescents: a Young HUNT 3 study","volume":"57","year":"2022","journal-title":"Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol"},{"key":"2026100321000696000_2026.09.26.754719v1.14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2017.11.010","article-title":"The co-occurrence of adverse childhood experiences among children investigated for child maltreatment: A latent class analysis","volume":"87","year":"2019","journal-title":"Child Abuse Negl"},{"key":"2026100321000696000_2026.09.26.754719v1.15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2014.10.012"},{"key":"2026100321000696000_2026.09.26.754719v1.16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0954579417001390"},{"key":"2026100321000696000_2026.09.26.754719v1.17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12110-009-9063-7"},{"key":"2026100321000696000_2026.09.26.754719v1.18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/a0031808"},{"key":"2026100321000696000_2026.09.26.754719v1.19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"LaNoue, M. D. , George, B. J. , Helitzer, D. L. & Keith, S. W . Contrasting cumulative risk and multiple individual risk models of the relationship between Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACEs) and adult health outcomes. BMC Med Res Methodol 20, 239 (2020).","DOI":"10.1186\/s12874-020-01120-w"},{"key":"2026100321000696000_2026.09.26.754719v1.20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Brieant, A. et al. Characterizing the dimensional structure of early-life adversity in the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development (ABCD) Study. Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience 61, 101256 (2023).","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dcn.2023.101256"},{"key":"2026100321000696000_2026.09.26.754719v1.21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e70080","DOI":"10.1002\/dev.70080","article-title":"Frontolimbic Connectivity and Threat-Related Psychopathology: A Data-Driven Test of Models of Early Adversity","volume":"67","year":"2025","journal-title":"Developmental Psychobiology"},{"key":"2026100321000696000_2026.09.26.754719v1.22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nn.4125"},{"key":"2026100321000696000_2026.09.26.754719v1.23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2001517117"},{"key":"2026100321000696000_2026.09.26.754719v1.24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/J.BIOPSYCH.2020.08.014"},{"key":"2026100321000696000_2026.09.26.754719v1.25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/S41586-022-04492-9"},{"key":"2026100321000696000_2026.09.26.754719v1.26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn3475"},{"key":"2026100321000696000_2026.09.26.754719v1.27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11682-022-00665-2"},{"key":"2026100321000696000_2026.09.26.754719v1.28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tics.2014.09.001"},{"key":"2026100321000696000_2026.09.26.754719v1.29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aee6213"},{"key":"2026100321000696000_2026.09.26.754719v1.30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-7687.2007.00600.x"},{"key":"2026100321000696000_2026.09.26.754719v1.31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lurie, L. A. et al. Mechanisms linking socioeconomic status and academic achievement in early childhood: Cognitive stimulation and language. Cogn Dev 58, 101045 (2021).","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cogdev.2021.101045"},{"key":"2026100321000696000_2026.09.26.754719v1.32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"285","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-linguistics-011516-034226","article-title":"Identifying Pathways Between Socioeconomic Status and Language Development","volume":"3","year":"2017","journal-title":"Annual Review of Linguistics"},{"key":"2026100321000696000_2026.09.26.754719v1.33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/CIR.0000000000000536"},{"key":"2026100321000696000_2026.09.26.754719v1.34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"723","DOI":"10.1111\/tsq.12107","article-title":"Long Term Physical Health Consequences of Adverse Childhood Experiences","volume":"56","year":"2015","journal-title":"Sociol Q"},{"key":"2026100321000696000_2026.09.26.754719v1.35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(12)60149-4"},{"key":"2026100321000696000_2026.09.26.754719v1.36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0963721416655883"},{"key":"2026100321000696000_2026.09.26.754719v1.37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1745691621992346"},{"key":"2026100321000696000_2026.09.26.754719v1.38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0954579421001838"},{"key":"2026100321000696000_2026.09.26.754719v1.39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dcn.2017.10.002"},{"key":"2026100321000696000_2026.09.26.754719v1.40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Achenbach, T. M . Achenbach system of empirically based assessment (ASEBA). The encyclopedia of clinical psychology 1\u20138 (2014).","DOI":"10.1002\/9781118625392.wbecp150"},{"key":"2026100321000696000_2026.09.26.754719v1.41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0b013e3182872ded"},{"key":"2026100321000696000_2026.09.26.754719v1.42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.82568\/phenx_toolkit\/211501"},{"key":"2026100321000696000_2026.09.26.754719v1.43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1077559504269530"},{"key":"2026100321000696000_2026.09.26.754719v1.44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00004583-199707000-00021"},{"key":"2026100321000696000_2026.09.26.754719v1.45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/t27699-000"},{"key":"2026100321000696000_2026.09.26.754719v1.46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1530-0277.1995.tb00983.x"},{"key":"2026100321000696000_2026.09.26.754719v1.47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwm040"},{"key":"2026100321000696000_2026.09.26.754719v1.48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/1126465"},{"key":"2026100321000696000_2026.09.26.754719v1.49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1467-8624.00210"},{"key":"2026100321000696000_2026.09.26.754719v1.50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fan, C. C. et al. Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development (ABCD) study Linked External Data (LED): Protocol and practices for geocoding and assignment of environmental data. Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience 52, 101030 (2021).","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dcn.2021.101030"},{"key":"2026100321000696000_2026.09.26.754719v1.51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dcn.2018.03.001","article-title":"The Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development (ABCD) study: Imaging acquisition across 21 sites","volume":"32","year":"2018","journal-title":"Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience"},{"key":"2026100321000696000_2026.09.26.754719v1.52","unstructured":"Hagler, D. J. et al. Image processing and analysis methods for the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development Study. Neuroimage 202, 116091 (2019)."},{"key":"2026100321000696000_2026.09.26.754719v1.53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2012.01.021"},{"key":"2026100321000696000_2026.09.26.754719v1.54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2006.01.021"},{"key":"2026100321000696000_2026.09.26.754719v1.55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/hbm.20619"},{"key":"2026100321000696000_2026.09.26.754719v1.56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/cercor\/bhu239"},{"key":"2026100321000696000_2026.09.26.754719v1.57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/arclin\/acu033"},{"key":"2026100321000696000_2026.09.26.754719v1.58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/biostatistics\/kxu001"},{"key":"2026100321000696000_2026.09.26.754719v1.59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11336-017-9573-x"},{"key":"2026100321000696000_2026.09.26.754719v1.60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapsychiatry.2025.1246"},{"key":"2026100321000696000_2026.09.26.754719v1.61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/biostatistics\/kxp008"}],"container-title":[],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/syndication.highwire.org\/content\/doi\/10.64898\/2026.09.26.754719","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,4]],"date-time":"2026-10-04T04:00:15Z","timestamp":1791086415000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/biorxiv.org\/lookup\/doi\/10.64898\/2026.09.26.754719"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]]},"references-count":61,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.64898\/2026.09.26.754719","relation":{},"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]]},"subtype":"preprint"}}