{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"institution":[{"name":"bioRxiv"}],"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,23]],"date-time":"2026-07-23T01:02:22Z","timestamp":1784768542147,"version":"3.55.0"},"posted":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,9]]},"group-title":"Biochemistry","reference-count":73,"publisher":"openRxiv","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,9]],"date-time":"2026-01-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767916800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Science Foundation","award":["2334027"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2334027"]}]},{"name":"National Science Foundation","award":["National Institutes of Health"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["National Institutes of Health"]}]},{"name":"National Science Foundation","award":["R01GM106159"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01GM106159"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,18]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>SUMMARY<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>\n                  TnpB is a compact RNA-guided endonuclease and evolutionary ancestor of CRISPR-Cas12 that offers a promising platform for genome engineering. However, the genome-editing activity of TnpBs remains limited and its underlying determinants are poorly understood. Here, we used biochemical and single-molecule assays to examine the DNA-unwinding mechanism of\n                  <jats:italic>Youngiibacter multivorans<\/jats:italic>\n                  TnpB (Ymu1 TnpB). DNA unwinding proceeds through a discrete, long-lived partially unwound intermediate state before reaching a fully unwound open state. The open state forms inefficiently and collapses readily in the absence of negative supercoiling. An optimized variant, Ymu1-WFR, stabilizes formation of both the intermediate and open states, resulting in enhanced DNA cleavage\n                  <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic>\n                  and increased genome editing in plants. These findings identify the physical basis for the observed minimal activities of natural TnpBs, revealing how stabilizing specific unwinding states enables efficient DNA targeting.\n                <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.64898\/2026.01.09.698545","type":"posted-content","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,10]],"date-time":"2026-01-10T03:15:16Z","timestamp":1768014916000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Stepwise DNA unwinding gates TnpB genome-editing activity"],"prefix":"10.64898","author":[{"given":"Zehan","family":"Zhou","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Innovative Genomics Institute, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA, 94720"},{"name":"Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA, 94720"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Iren","family":"Saffarian-Deemyad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA, 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