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Here, we evaluated the suitability of\n                  <jats:italic>Galleria mellonella<\/jats:italic>\n                  larvae as an\n                  <jats:italic>in vivo<\/jats:italic>\n                  model to study\n                  <jats:italic>B. wadsworthia<\/jats:italic>\n                  infection. Two infection routes were compared: oral inoculation to mimic gastrointestinal colonization and hemolymph injection to model systemic infection. Oral challenge had minimal impact on larval health, whereas hemolymph injection caused marked morbidity, including reduced mobility, impaired cocoon formation, and progressive melanization, indicating that access to the circulatory system is required for overt disease. Infection required live bacteria, with\n                  <jats:italic>B. wadsworthia<\/jats:italic>\n                  capable of intracellular replication within hemocytes, leading to transient depletion of circulating immune cells followed by compensatory hemocyte proliferation. These findings reveal tight coupling between bacterial proliferation and host immune dynamics. Comparison with other sulfidogenic bacteria suggests that\n                  <jats:italic>Bilophila<\/jats:italic>\n                  pathogenicity is likely to involve host-specific interactions. Overall, our results establish\n                  <jats:italic>G. mellonella<\/jats:italic>\n                  as a practical and ethically favorable model to investigate\n                  <jats:italic>B. wadsworthia<\/jats:italic>\n                  virulence, host-pathogen interactions, and mechanisms relevant to gut-associated infection.\n                <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.64898\/2026.03.24.714029","type":"posted-content","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,27]],"date-time":"2026-03-27T20:25:14Z","timestamp":1774643114000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Virulence studies of the human gut pathobiont\n                  <i>Bilophila wadsworthia<\/i>\n                  using\n                  <i>Galleria mellonella<\/i>\n                  as model host"],"prefix":"10.64898","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-2597-1995","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sara","family":"Matos","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Tecnologia Qu\u00edmica e Biol\u00f3gica Ant\u00f3nio Xavier, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Oeiras, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Beatriz","family":"Moniz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Tecnologia Qu\u00edmica e Biol\u00f3gica Ant\u00f3nio Xavier, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Oeiras, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9727-3579","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dalila","family":"Mil-Homens","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Tecnologia Qu\u00edmica e Biol\u00f3gica Ant\u00f3nio Xavier, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Oeiras, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3283-4520","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"In\u00eas A. C.","family":"Pereira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Tecnologia Qu\u00edmica e Biol\u00f3gica Ant\u00f3nio Xavier, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Oeiras, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9952-8515","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andreia I.","family":"Pimenta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Tecnologia Qu\u00edmica e Biol\u00f3gica Ant\u00f3nio Xavier, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Oeiras, 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