{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"institution":[{"name":"medRxiv"}],"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,8]],"date-time":"2026-09-08T10:14:38Z","timestamp":1788862478817,"version":"build-2803163510"},"posted":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,4]]},"group-title":"Psychiatry and Clinical Psychology","reference-count":51,"publisher":"openRxiv","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,4]],"date-time":"2026-09-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788480000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100013278","name":"The EU Joint Programme - Neurodegenerative Disease Research","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100013278","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/00epmv149","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Helse Nord","award":["HNF1665-23"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["HNF1665-23"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Regression-based normative approaches are widely used in neuropsychology but often rely on score transformations to satisfy model assumptions. We compared previously published linear regression (LR)-based norms with norms derived using Generalized Additive Models for Location, Scale and Shape (GAMLSS) for the brief cognitive battery used in the Norwegian Dementia Disease Initiation (DDI) cohort.<\/jats:p>\n                <\/jats:sec>\n                <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Method<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>GAMLSS norms were developed using the same normative samples as the original LR norms for the Consortium to Establish a Registry for Alzheimer\u2019s Disease (CERAD) word list test, Trail Making Test (TMT) A and B, FAS phonemic fluency, and Visual Object and Space Perception Battery (VOSP) Silhouettes. Expected low-score frequencies and empirical base rates were assessed in a normative subsample (n = 131). Clinical implications were evaluated in the DDI clinical cohort (n = 643) using Mild Cognitive Impairment (MCI) classification, two-year diagnostic stability and change, and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) biomarkers.<\/jats:p>\n                <\/jats:sec>\n                <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Compared with LR norms, GAMLSS yielded lower frequencies of low scores, primarily driven by CERAD delayed recall. Nevertheless, concordance between approaches was high (\u03ba = 0.91), with only 4.2% discordant classifications. Two-year diagnostic stability and change were broadly similar across approaches, and CSF biomarker profiles did not clearly favor either normative method.<\/jats:p>\n                <\/jats:sec>\n                <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>GAMLSS provided a more faithful representation of neuropsychological score distributions, particularly for bounded and non-normal outcomes. However, downstream clinical differences were modest in this setting, suggesting that well-calibrated LR norms may remain robust for clinical classification.<\/jats:p>\n                <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.64898\/2026.09.01.26361590","type":"posted-content","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,5]],"date-time":"2026-09-05T00:40:29Z","timestamp":1788568829000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Smooth Curves, Similar Conclusions? Comparing Linear Regression and GAMLSS Neuropsychological Norms"],"prefix":"10.64898","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1413-9578","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bj\u00f8rn-Eivind","family":"Kirsebom","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology, Faculty of Health Sciences, The Arctic University of Norway, Troms\u00f8, Norway"},{"name":"Department of Neurology, University Hospital of North Norway, Troms\u00f8, Norway"},{"name":"Department of Neurology, Akershus University Hospital, L\u00f8renskog, Norway"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ingrid","family":"Myrvoll Lorentzen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, University Hospital of North Norway, Troms\u00f8, Norway"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jacob","family":"Espenes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Norwegian National Unit for Sensory Loss and Mental Health, Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ingvild","family":"V\u00f8llo Eliassen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Akershus University Hospital, L\u00f8renskog, Norway"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7897-9456","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fernando","family":"Gonzalez-Ortiz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, the Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, M\u00f6lndal, Sweden"},{"name":"Department of Neurology, Neurocode USA, Bellingham, Washington, United States"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anders","family":"Wallin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, the Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, M\u00f6lndal, Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Knut","family":"Waterloo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, University Hospital of North Norway, Troms\u00f8, Norway"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marie","family":"Eckerstr\u00f6m","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"G\u00f8ril","family":"Rolfseng Gr\u00f8ntvedt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology and Clinical Neurophysiology, University Hospital of Trondheim, Trondheim, Norway"},{"name":"The National Association\u2019s Dementia Research Centre, Kavli Institute for Systems Neuroscience, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway"},{"name":"Department of 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