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We test the hypothesis that subsistence-oriented forager-horticulturalists (Bolivian Tsimane) have larger and denser paraspinal muscles, and smaller age-related differences in paraspinal muscle size and density, than more sedentary post-industrialized suburbanites (Framingham Heart Study [FHS]). We measured cross-sectional area (CSA) and density of trunk extensors and psoas major at L3 from computed tomography scans of 411 FHS and 330 Tsimane (50% women, aged 50\u201390 years). Sex-stratified linear regressions determined associations of muscle CSA and density with age and cohort (Tsimane or FHS [ref.]), with and without an age\u2013cohort interaction term. Covariates were height and weight. After adjusting for covariates, Tsimane women had 11\u201314% larger and denser extensors, and 17\u201326% smaller and less-dense psoas major, than FHS women. Tsimane men had 8\u201321% smaller and less-dense psoas major than FHS men. The age-related difference in extensors density was 41% smaller for Tsimane men than for FHS men. There were no other significant age-related cohort differences in muscle CSA or density. We observed a different balance in the size and density of trunk extensors versus psoas major between Tsimane and FHS. A possible explanation for this observation is cohort differences in the amount and types of physical activity, although future work is required to determine the influence of lifestyle and environmental factors on paraspinal muscle size and density.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.64898\/2026.09.25.754176","type":"posted-content","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,2]],"date-time":"2026-10-02T00:11:32Z","timestamp":1790899892000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Comparison of lumbar paraspinal muscle size and density between members of the US Framingham Heart Study and Tsimane forager-horticulturalists of Bolivia"],"prefix":"10.64898","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8941-6568","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Benjamin","family":"Sibson","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Endocrine Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA"},{"name":"Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA"},{"name":"Center for Advanced Orthopaedic Studies, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7165-3346","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Brett","family":"Allaire","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Advanced Orthopaedic Studies, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8843-529X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Brigitte","family":"Holt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anthropology, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3054-9152","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fjola","family":"Johannesdottir","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Endocrine Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA"},{"name":"Center for Advanced Orthopaedic Studies, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shreyas","family":"Durga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Endocrine Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA"},{"name":"Center for Advanced Orthopaedic Studies, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7370-3020","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Daniel","family":"Cummings","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anthropology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, USA"},{"name":"Economic Science Institute, Argyros School of Business and Economics, Chapman University, Orange, CA, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5661-527X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Michael","family":"Gurven","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anthropology, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7398-7358","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hillard","family":"Kaplan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Economic Science Institute, Argyros School of Business and Economics, Chapman University, Orange, CA, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3201-0628","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Benjamin","family":"Trumble","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Evolution & Medicine, School of Human Evolution and Social Change, Institute of Human Origins, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5985-9643","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jonathan","family":"Stieglitz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Toulouse School of Economics, Universit\u00e9 Toulouse 1 Capitole, Toulouse, FRA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7027-7414","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mary","family":"Bouxsein","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Endocrine Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA"},{"name":"Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA"},{"name":"Center for Advanced Orthopaedic Studies, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"54368","reference":[{"key":"2026100610052176000_2026.09.25.754176v1.1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ajpa.1330770208"},{"key":"2026100610052176000_2026.09.25.754176v1.2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Vasavada A , Ward SR , Delp SL , Lieber RL . 2011 Architectural Design and Function of Human Back Muscles. 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