{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"institution":[{"name":"bioRxiv"}],"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,23]],"date-time":"2026-10-23T21:19:32Z","timestamp":1792790372885,"version":"4.5.0"},"posted":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,2]]},"group-title":"Immunology","reference-count":41,"publisher":"openRxiv","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,2]],"date-time":"2026-10-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790899200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nd\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"award":["5T32AR007175-48"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["5T32AR007175-48"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/01cwqze88","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"award":["R01DE032033"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01DE032033"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/01cwqze88","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"award":["R01CA290027"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01CA290027"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/01cwqze88","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"award":["P30DK135103"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P30DK135103"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/01cwqze88","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"American Association For Cancer Research","award":["20-20-01-SPIT"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["20-20-01-SPIT"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/02fnpv153","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"award":["CRI4437"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CRI4437"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/02f3xk561","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"award":["RSG-22-141-01-IBCD"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RSG-22-141-01-IBCD"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/02e463172","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"award":["BC220499"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BC220499"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/0447fe631","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"CRISPR Cures for Cancer"},{"name":"Weill Cancer Hub West"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>\n                  Clinical applications of gene editors including CRISPR-Cas9 are limited by the cell-type specificity and tissue penetrance of current\n                  <jats:italic>in vivo<\/jats:italic>\n                  delivery options. Cell-mediated gene editor delivery could overcome these obstacles. To date, systems utilizing immortalized cell lines have demonstrated gene editor delivery\n                  <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic>\n                  . Because T cells traffic throughout the organism and engage in intercellular communication with individual target cells, we wondered whether they could be engineered to deliver gene editing machinery. Here, we demonstrate that primary human T cells can produce retroviral-based enveloped delivery vehicles (EDVs) packaging functional Cas9 ribonucleoproteins. When paired with fusogenic VSV-G, T cell-generated Cas9-EDVs edited a diverse array of target cells. We developed a miniaturized Moloney murine leukemia virus-based system that proved superior to existing architectures in this context and optimized both lentiviral and site-specific knock-in approaches for T cell engineering. These Enveloped Particle Information Courier-(EPIC-) T cells offer key advantages as delivery systems.\n                <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.64898\/2026.09.30.753584","type":"posted-content","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,2]],"date-time":"2026-10-02T14:25:20Z","timestamp":1790951120000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Programming primary human T cells to deliver gene editing machinery"],"prefix":"10.64898","author":[{"given":"James","family":"Meixiong","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Gladstone-UCSF Institute of Genomic Immunology, San Francisco, CA, USA."},{"name":"Department of Dermatology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Oleksandr","family":"Zginnyk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate Program in Chemistry and Chemical Biology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lauren","family":"Chow","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Gladstone-UCSF Institute of Genomic Immunology, San Francisco, CA, USA."},{"name":"Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Brian R.","family":"Shy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Gladstone-UCSF Institute of Genomic Immunology, San Francisco, CA, USA."},{"name":"Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California."},{"name":"Weill Cancer Hub West, San Francisco, CA, USA."},{"name":"Parker Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, San Francisco, California."},{"name":"Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5291-3819","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Matthew H.","family":"Spitzer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Gladstone-UCSF Institute of Genomic Immunology, San Francisco, CA, USA."},{"name":"Weill Cancer Hub West, San Francisco, CA, USA."},{"name":"Parker Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, San Francisco, California."},{"name":"Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California."},{"name":"Department of Otolaryngology \u2013 Head and Neck Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, 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