{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,29]],"date-time":"2026-06-29T14:32:44Z","timestamp":1782743564038,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":0,"publisher":"Caleo","issue":"2","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Eur Endod J"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Objective: To compare the efficacy of sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) combined with ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA), etidronic acid (HEDP), or Keratobacter (KB; a glycocholic acid\u2013based solution with surfactants), for smear-layer removal, using subsonic agitation during the final rinse.\r\nMethods: Following decoronation, 40 human central mandibular incisors (single-canal) were randomly assigned into one of 3 experimental groups (n=12 each) based on the irrigant solution used (NaOCl + EDTAfinal, NaOCl + HEDP, and NaOCl + KB) or used as control specimens: positive controls (irrigation omitted) or negative controls (no chemo-mechanical preparation) (n=2 per group). Experimental groups were prepared using reciprocating instruments and irrigated with the respective solutions, with the chelator omitted for the NaOCl + EDTAfinal group at this stage. The teeth were then split, scanned with an electron microscope, and the smear layer was scored (0-3) at 3 levels by 2 blinded examiners. The reassembled specimens underwent a final rinse with the relevant solutions incorporating subsonic agitation, after which they were disassembled, and the remaining smear layer was scored as before. A non-parametric Brunner\u2013Langer model of longitudinal data was estimated for the cleaning results for each of the levels. Then, an ATS-type ANOVA statistical test was used to analyze the effect of the irrigant, the treatment stage, and the interaction between them. The Mann\u2013Whitney test with Bonferroni correction was used for multiple comparisons between irrigants in each phase. The significance level for all analyses was 5%.\r\nResults: Following instrumentation, negative controls were scored 0, and positive controls were scored 3. NaOCl + KB was associated with significantly lower scores compared to NaOCl + EDTAfinal and NaOCl + HEDP (coronal and apical levels) (P &lt; .001). After the final rinse, NaOCl + KB showed significantly lower scores compared to NaOCl + HEDP coronally (P=.015), with the final rinse being associated with significantly lower scores solely for NaOCl + KB at the middle and apical levels (P=.002).\r\nConclusions: NaOCl + KB had the lower scores for smear layer compared to the other experimental groups, with the final rinse enhancing smear layer removal for NaOCl + KB.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.65717\/eej.2026.25140","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,18]],"date-time":"2026-03-18T10:53:32Z","timestamp":1773831212000},"page":"82-89","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Smear Layer Removal Efficacy of Sodium Hypochlorite Agitated Mixtures with Etidronate or a Glycocholic Acid\u2013Based Solution: A Laboratory Study"],"prefix":"10.65717","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-2040-8973","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Covadonga Sanchez","family":"Padilla","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1647-094X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Oliver Valencia","family":"De Pablo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6466-8059","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ruth","family":"Perez-Alfayate","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0500-8936","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Antonio J","family":"Conde Villar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4228-3729","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gaizka","family":"Loro\u00f1o","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1709-9775","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Borja","family":"Aguilar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8287-1226","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Giampiero","family":"Rossi\u2212Fedele","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7977-0662","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Roberto","family":"Estevez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"55248","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,27]]},"container-title":["European Endodontic Journal"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/eurendodj.com\/index.php\/pub\/article\/download\/385\/385","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/eurendodj.com\/index.php\/pub\/article\/download\/385\/385","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,18]],"date-time":"2026-03-18T10:53:32Z","timestamp":1773831212000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/eurendodj.com\/index.php\/pub\/article\/view\/385"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,27]]},"references-count":0,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,27]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.65717\/eej.2026.25140","relation":{},"ISSN":["2548-0839"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2548-0839","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,27]]}}}