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In seven new cohorts, we found that the prevalence of auto-Abs was highest (40% [17\u201344%]) in patients with encephalitis and very low in a small sample of individuals with asymptomatic or mild infection. In the 13 European, Middle Eastern, and American cohorts available, odds ratios (OR) for WNV encephalitis in individuals with these auto-Abs relative to those without them in a large sample of the general population untested for WNV infection range from \u223c20 (OR = 17.7; 95% CI: 13.8\u201322.8, P &amp;lt; 10\u221216) for auto-Abs neutralizing only 100 pg\/ml IFN-\u03b12 and\/or IFN-\u03c9 to &amp;gt;2,000 (OR = 2,218.4; 95% CI: 125.1\u201339,337.7, P &amp;lt; 10\u221216) for auto-Abs neutralizing high concentrations of IFN-\u03b12 and high or low concentrations of IFN-\u03c9. Preexisting auto-Abs neutralizing type I IFNs are therefore causal for WNV encephalitis in about 40% of patients.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.70962\/jhi.20250189","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,27]],"date-time":"2026-01-27T07:21:46Z","timestamp":1769498506000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.70962\/jhi.crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Autoantibodies neutralizing type I IFNs in 40% of patients with WNV encephalitis in seven new cohorts"],"prefix":"10.70962","volume":"2","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1083-5787","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Adrian","family":"Gervais","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/05tr67282","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Necker Branch, Institut National de la Sant\u00e9 et de la Recherche M\u00e9dicale (INSERM) U1163, Necker Hospital for Sick Children 1 , 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