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Recently evidence has shown that PDT can also be used as a novel treatment strategy to control pathogenic bacteria. In previous studies, the photosensitizer DH-I-180-3 was reported to effectively regulate multidrug-resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis growth. Here, we confirmed the effects of DH-I-180-3 on the antibacterial activity and inflammatory response of macrophages to Salmonella. Photoactivated DH-I-180-3 regulated intracellular bacterial growth in Salmonella-infected macrophages. Moreover, DH-I-180-3 increased intracellular ROS levels in Salmonella-infected macrophages. The phosphorylation of the intracellular signaling proteins I\u03baB\u03b1 and JNK1\/2 was increased in DH-I-180-3-treated Salmonella-infected macrophages. Additionally, we observed that DH-I-180-3 significantly increased the mRNA expression and protein secretion of the proinflammatory cytokine TNF-\u03b1 and promoted phagosome maturation by upregulating EEA1, LAMP1, and Cathepsin D in Salmonella-infected macrophages. Overall, these results demonstrate that photoactivated DH-I-180-3 enhances the bactericidal response to intracellular bacterial infection by promoting inflammatory signaling pathways and phagosome maturation. Therefore, DH-I-180-3 has the potential to be developed into PDT for treating bacterial-infection.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.71150\/jm.2502003","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,4]],"date-time":"2025-06-04T04:12:02Z","timestamp":1749010322000},"page":"e2502003","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.71150\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["The photosensitizer DH-I-180-3 regulates intracellular bacterial growth by increasing the secretion of proinflammatory cytokines via the NF-\u03baB- and MAPK-mediated signaling pathways and promoting phagosome maturation in Salmonella-infected mouse 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