{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,30]],"date-time":"2026-06-30T08:48:01Z","timestamp":1782809281078,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":0,"publisher":"ECMS","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,23]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Robotics driven by foundation models, such as Vision--Language--Action (VLA) systems, already represents a major step forward in autonomy and natural-language interaction. Yet, many obstacles remain on the path toward Human--Robot Teaming (HRT): most current models improve \\emph{task autonomy} faster than \\emph{teaming autonomy}, and therefore lack key properties required for human-centred deployments where robots must coordinate, clarify, and remain safe under contact-rich uncertainty. This gap is compounded by limited multimodality (tactile and audio channels are often missing), scarce datasets and unified input formats for such signals, and by simulation limits---digital twins typically under-represent real-world noise, disturbances, imperfections, and unpredictable events across modalities.\n\nTo make HRT readiness explicit and testable, this paper provides (i) a taxonomy of contemporary VLA architectures (monolithic, hierarchical, and agentic\/world-model) together with axes that separate task and teaming autonomy, (ii) an operational decomposition of the HRT barrier into four capability blocks spanning human-state alignment, interaction policies, contact robustness, and shared team state, and (iii) a simulation-centric evaluation protocol and metric suite for reproducible stress testing in digital twins. The proposed framework aims to make HRT readiness measurable before costly or risky real-world trials.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.7148\/2026-0151","type":"proceedings-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,30]],"date-time":"2026-06-30T08:36:46Z","timestamp":1782808606000},"page":"151-160","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Vision\u2013language\u2013action models for hri\/hrc\/hrt: a taxonomy, simulation-centric gaps, and research directions"],"prefix":"10.7148","author":[{"given":"Jiri","family":"Konecny","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Filippo","family":"Sanfilippo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michal","family":"Prauzek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"4144","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,23]]},"event":{"name":"40th ECMS International Conference on Modelling and Simulation"},"container-title":["ECMS 2026 Proceedings edited by Filippo Sanfilippo, Florenc Demrozi, Fabio Sgarbossa, Mohammad Poursina"],"original-title":[],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,30]],"date-time":"2026-06-30T08:36:52Z","timestamp":1782808612000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/www.scs-europe.net\/dlib\/2026\/ecms2026acceptedpapers\/0151_hric_ecms2026_0064.pdf"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,23]]},"references-count":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7148\/2026-0151","relation":{},"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,23]]}}}