{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,20]],"date-time":"2026-01-20T06:44:41Z","timestamp":1768891481932,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":59,"publisher":"International Global Health Society","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J Glob Health"],"DOI":"10.7189\/jogh.12.04054","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,3]],"date-time":"2022-09-03T06:24:45Z","timestamp":1662186285000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Changes in rates of psychiatric beds and prison populations in sub-Saharan Africa from 1990 to 2020"],"prefix":"10.7189","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Adrian P","family":"Mundt","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical Faculty, Universidad Diego Portales, Santiago, Chile"},{"name":"Departamento de Neurolog\u00eda y Psiquiatr\u00eda, Cl\u00ednica Alemana de Santiago, Facultad de Medicina Cl\u00ednica Alemana, Universidad del Desarrollo, Santiago, Chile"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sabine Delhey","family":"Langerfeldt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical Faculty, Universidad Diego Portales, Santiago, Chile"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"J Maphisa","family":"Maphisa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology, University of Botswana, Gaborone, Botswana"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Oumar","family":"Sourabi\u00e9","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Psychiatrist, Regional Center Hospital of Fada N\u2019gourma, Fada N\u2019gourma, Burkina Faso"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Blaise Nguendo","family":"Yongsi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Training & Research in Population Studies, University of Yaound\u00e9, Yaound\u00e9, Cameroon"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Enzo Rozas","family":"Serri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Neurolog\u00eda y Psiquiatr\u00eda, Cl\u00ednica Alemana de Santiago, Facultad de Medicina Cl\u00ednica Alemana, Universidad del Desarrollo, Santiago, Chile"},{"name":"Department of Psychiatry and Mental Health, Hospital Cl\u00ednico Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jean C","family":"Bukasa Tshilonda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Higher Institute of Medical Techniques Mbujimayi, Mbujimayi, Democratic Republic of Congo"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jeronimo H","family":"Te","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"West African Epidemiology Network on Drug Use (WENDU), Bissau, Guinea-Bissau"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mary A","family":"Bitta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom"},{"name":"KEMRI-Welcome Trust Research Program, Kilifi, Kenya"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lipalesa","family":"Mathe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The National University of Lesotho, Maseru, Lesotho"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Olive","family":"Liwimbi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Zomba Mental Hospital, Ministry of Health, Zomba, Malawi"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Palmira Fortunato","family":"dos Santos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ministry of Health, Mental Health Department, Maputo, Mozambique"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Olayinka","family":"Atilola","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Lagos State University College of Medicine (LASUCOM), Lagos, Nigeria"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Stefan","family":"Jansen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Rwanda, Kigali, Rwanda"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jean A","family":"Diegane Tine","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Health and Development, Cheikh Anta Diop University, Dakar, Senegal"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Clementina","family":"Akran","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Statistics Sierra Leone, Tower Hill, Freetown, Sierra Leone"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Abdul","family":"Jalloh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sierra Leone Psychiatric Teaching Hospital, Freetown, Sierra Leone"},{"name":"College of Medicine and Allied Health Sciences, University of Sierra Leone, Freetown, Sierra Leone"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ashraf","family":"Kagee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Alan Fisher Centre for Public Mental Health, University of Cape Town, Cape Town,"},{"name":"Department of Psychology, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Elizabeth S","family":"Van Wyk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jimmy B","family":"Forry","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Mbarara University of Science and Technology, Mbarara, Uganda"},{"name":"Department of Mental Health and Psychiatry, Faculty of Clinical Medicine and Dentistry, Kampala, International University-Western Campus, Bushenyi, Uganda"},{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, Mubende Regional Referral Hospital, Mubende, Uganda"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mwiya Liamunga","family":"Imasiku","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, University of Zambia, Lusaka, Zambia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Handrick","family":"Chigiji","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Zimbabwe National Statistics Agency, Harare, Zimbabwe"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Stefan","family":"Priebe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit for Social and Community Psychiatry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"4223","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"key-10.7189\/jogh.12.04054-202209030823-R1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1186\/s13033-015-0006-x","article-title":"Length of stay of psychiatric admissions in a general hospital in Ethiopia: a retrospective study.","volume":"9","author":"Addisu","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int J Ment Health Syst"},{"key":"key-10.7189\/jogh.12.04054-202209030823-R2","unstructured":"World Health Organization. Mental Health Atlas 2017. Available: https:\/\/www.who.int\/publications\/i\/item\/9789241514019. Accessed: 22 May 2022."},{"key":"key-10.7189\/jogh.12.04054-202209030823-R3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1564","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(13)61530-5","article-title":"Global burden of disease attributable to illicit drug use and dependence: findings from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2010.","volume":"382","author":"Degenhardt","year":"2013","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"key-10.7189\/jogh.12.04054-202209030823-R4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"134","DOI":"10.1093\/epirev\/mxx015","article-title":"Prevalence of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder in Prisoners.","volume":"40","author":"Baranyi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Epidemiol Rev"},{"key":"key-10.7189\/jogh.12.04054-202209030823-R5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e461","DOI":"10.1016\/S2214-109X(18)30539-4","article-title":"Severe mental illness and substance use disorders in prisoners in low-income and middle-income countries: a systematic review and meta-analysis of prevalence studies.","volume":"7","author":"Baranyi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Lancet Glob Health"},{"key":"key-10.7189\/jogh.12.04054-202209030823-R6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1725","DOI":"10.1111\/add.13877","article-title":"Substance use disorders in prisoners: an updated systematic review and meta-regression analysis in recently incarcerated men and women.","volume":"112","author":"Fazel","year":"2017","journal-title":"Addiction"},{"key":"key-10.7189\/jogh.12.04054-202209030823-R7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1186\/s13033-019-0273-z","article-title":"Mental health of people detained within the justice system in Africa: systematic review and meta-analysis.","volume":"13","author":"Lovett","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int J Ment Health Syst"},{"key":"key-10.7189\/jogh.12.04054-202209030823-R8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e69109","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0069109","article-title":"Prevalence rates of mental disorders in Chilean prisons.","volume":"8","author":"Mundt","year":"2013","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"key-10.7189\/jogh.12.04054-202209030823-R9","first-page":"340","article-title":"Treatment of mentally ill offenders in nine developing Latin American countries.","volume":"43","author":"Almanzar","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Am Acad Psychiatry Law"},{"key":"key-10.7189\/jogh.12.04054-202209030823-R10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S25","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2013.07.010","article-title":"A review of medical and substance use co-morbidities in Central Asian prisons: implications for HIV prevention and treatment.","volume":"132","author":"Vagenas","year":"2013","journal-title":"Drug Alcohol Depend"},{"key":"key-10.7189\/jogh.12.04054-202209030823-R11","unstructured":"Tkachuk B, Walmsley R. World prison population: facts, trends and solutions: European Institute for Crime Prevention and Control, affiliated with the United Nations. Helsinki, 2001. Available: http:\/\/old.heuni.fi\/material\/attachments\/heuni\/papers\/6KsVgBnCB\/HP.pdf. Accessed: 22 May 2022."},{"key":"key-10.7189\/jogh.12.04054-202209030823-R12","unstructured":"Cherubin-Doumbia G. African commitments to human rights: a review of eight NEPAD countries. African Human Security Initiative, 2004."},{"key":"key-10.7189\/jogh.12.04054-202209030823-R13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sarkin J. Prisons in Africa. Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Politics. 25 February 2019. 10.1093\/acrefore\/9780190228637.013.893.10.1093\/acrefore\/9780190228637.013.893","DOI":"10.1093\/acrefore\/9780190228637.013.893"},{"key":"key-10.7189\/jogh.12.04054-202209030823-R14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tube.2010.12.002","article-title":"Tuberculosis in prisons in sub-Saharan Africa\u2013the need for improved health services, surveillance and control.","volume":"91","author":"O\u2019Grady","year":"2011","journal-title":"Tuberculosis (Edinb)"},{"key":"key-10.7189\/jogh.12.04054-202209030823-R15","first-page":"205","article-title":"Colonial psychiatry in Africa: A distorted Science?","volume":"10","author":"Zheng","year":"1997","journal-title":"Soc Hist Med"},{"key":"key-10.7189\/jogh.12.04054-202209030823-R16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"295","DOI":"10.1353\/jsh.2001.0126","article-title":"Madness and colonization: Psychiatry in the British and French empires, 1800-1962.","volume":"35","author":"Keller","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Soc Hist"},{"key":"key-10.7189\/jogh.12.04054-202209030823-R17","first-page":"475","article-title":"Mental health policy development in Africa.","volume":"78","author":"Gureje","year":"2000","journal-title":"Bull World Health Organ"},{"key":"key-10.7189\/jogh.12.04054-202209030823-R18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/1752-4458-4-1","article-title":"An overview of Uganda\u2019s mental health care system: Results from an assessment using the World Health Organization\u2019s Assessment Instrument for Mental Health Systems (WHOAIMS).","volume":"4","author":"Kigozi","year":"2010","journal-title":"Int J Ment Health Syst"},{"key":"key-10.7189\/jogh.12.04054-202209030823-R19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100137","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lanepe.2021.100137","article-title":"Changes in national rates of psychiatric beds and incarceration in Central Eastern Europe and Central Asia from 1990-2019: A retrospective database analysis.","volume":"7","author":"Mundt","year":"2021","journal-title":"Lancet Reg Health Eur."},{"key":"key-10.7189\/jogh.12.04054-202209030823-R20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.1002\/j.2051-5545.2008.tb00153.x","article-title":"Community-based mental health care in Africa: mental health workers\u2019 views.","volume":"7","author":"Alem","year":"2008","journal-title":"World Psychiatry"},{"key":"key-10.7189\/jogh.12.04054-202209030823-R21","first-page":"96","article-title":"Challenges of balanced care in Africa.","volume":"1","author":"Njenga","year":"2002","journal-title":"World Psychiatry"},{"key":"key-10.7189\/jogh.12.04054-202209030823-R22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e010188","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2015-010188","article-title":"How has the extent of institutional mental healthcare changed in Western Europe? Analysis of data since 1990.","volume":"6","author":"Chow","year":"2016","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"key":"key-10.7189\/jogh.12.04054-202209030823-R23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"936","DOI":"10.1017\/S003329172000269X","article-title":"Psychiatric beds and prison populations in 17 Latin American countries between 1991 and 2017: rates, trends and an inverse relationship between the two indicators.","volume":"52","author":"Siebenf\u00f6rcher","year":"2022","journal-title":"Psychol Med"},{"key":"key-10.7189\/jogh.12.04054-202209030823-R24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"689","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapsychiatry.2018.0534","article-title":"Risk of being subjected to crime, including violent crime, after onset of mental illness: a Danish national registry study using police data.","volume":"75","author":"Dean","year":"2018","journal-title":"JAMA Psychiatry"},{"key":"key-10.7189\/jogh.12.04054-202209030823-R25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"124","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jue.2018.01.007","article-title":"Substance abuse treatment centers and local crime.","volume":"104","author":"Bondurant","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Urban Econ"},{"key":"key-10.7189\/jogh.12.04054-202209030823-R26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1076","DOI":"10.1377\/hlthaff.2016.0006","article-title":"Improving access to care and reducing involvement in the criminal justice system for people with mental illness.","volume":"35","author":"Kennedy-Hendricks","year":"2016","journal-title":"Health Aff (Millwood)"},{"key":"key-10.7189\/jogh.12.04054-202209030823-R27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.1007\/s10611-015-9589-z","article-title":"Preventing crime in cooperation with the mental health care profession.","volume":"64","author":"Harte","year":"2015","journal-title":"Crime Law Soc Change"},{"key":"key-10.7189\/jogh.12.04054-202209030823-R28","unstructured":"Institute for Crime & Justice Policy Research. World Prison Brief. 2022. Available: https:\/\/www.prisonstudies.org\/. Accessed: 19 April 2022."},{"key":"key-10.7189\/jogh.12.04054-202209030823-R29","unstructured":"World Health Organization. Mental Health Atlas Project. Geneva, Switzerland, 2001-2017."},{"key":"key-10.7189\/jogh.12.04054-202209030823-R30","unstructured":"OECD. Hospital beds. 2022. Available: https:\/\/www.oecd-ilibrary.org\/content\/data\/0191328e-en. Accessed: 19 April 2022."},{"key":"key-10.7189\/jogh.12.04054-202209030823-R31","unstructured":"The World Bank. World Bank Country and Lending Groups. 2022. Available: https:\/\/datahelpdesk.worldbank.org\/knowledgebase\/articles\/906519-world-bank-country-and-lending-groups. Accessed: 19 April 2022."},{"key":"key-10.7189\/jogh.12.04054-202209030823-R32","unstructured":"World Population Review. Eritrea Population 2021. Available: https:\/\/worldpopulationreview.com\/countries\/eritrea-population. Accessed: 13 June 2021."},{"key":"key-10.7189\/jogh.12.04054-202209030823-R33","unstructured":"Statistics Botswana. Health Statistics Reports. Available: https:\/\/www.statsbots.org.bw\/latest-publications?title=health+statistics&field_keywords_value=&field_release_date_value%5Bmin%5D%5Bdate%5D=&field_release_date_value%5Bmax%5D%5Bdate%5D=&field_sector_nid=157. Accessed 22 May 2022."},{"key":"key-10.7189\/jogh.12.04054-202209030823-R34","unstructured":"Ministry of Public Health. Strat\u00e9gie sectorielle de Sant\u00e9 2016-2027. Republic of Cameroon. 2017. Available: https:\/\/info.undp.org\/docs\/pdc\/Documents\/CMR\/strat%C3%A9gie%20Sant%C3%A9.pdf. Accessed: 22 May 2022."},{"key":"key-10.7189\/jogh.12.04054-202209030823-R35","unstructured":"Ministry of Public Health. Strat\u00e9gie sectorielle de Sant\u00e9 2001-2015 Republic of Cameroon. Available: https:\/\/www.minsante.cm\/site\/sites\/default\/files\/SSS_2001_2015_Doc_final.pdf. Accessed: 22 May 2022."},{"key":"key-10.7189\/jogh.12.04054-202209030823-R36","unstructured":"Ministry of Public Health. Rapport de suivi des 100 Indicateurs cl\u00e9s de Sant\u00e9 au Cameroun en 2019. Available: https:\/\/www.minsante.cm\/site\/?q=fr\/content\/rapport-de-suivi-des-100-indicateurs-cl%C3%A9s-de-sant%C3%A9-au-cameroun-en-2019-focus-odd. Accessed: 22 May 2022."},{"key":"key-10.7189\/jogh.12.04054-202209030823-R37","unstructured":"Schuster ADR. Kongo: Psychiatrische Versorgung. Swiss Refugee Council. 2013. Available: https:\/\/www.refworld.org\/cgi-bin\/texis\/vtx\/rwmain?page=search&docid=524fd9d74&skip=0&query=psychiatric&coi=COD. Accessed: 22 May 2022."},{"key":"key-10.7189\/jogh.12.04054-202209030823-R38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s13033-015-0032-8","article-title":"Overview of the mental health system in Mozambique: addressing the treatment gap with a task-shifting strategy in primary care.","volume":"10","author":"Dos Santos","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int J Ment Health Syst"},{"key":"key-10.7189\/jogh.12.04054-202209030823-R39","unstructured":"Dos Santos PF. Avalia\u00e7\u00e3o dos servi\u00e7os de sa\u00fade mental em Mo\u00e7ambique: Faculdade de Ci\u00eancias M\u00e9dicas. Universidade Nova de Lisboa; 2011."},{"key":"key-10.7189\/jogh.12.04054-202209030823-R40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1509933","DOI":"10.1080\/16549716.2018.1509933","article-title":"Forensic psychiatry in Rwanda.","volume":"11","author":"Eytan","year":"2018","journal-title":"Glob Health Action"},{"key":"key-10.7189\/jogh.12.04054-202209030823-R41","unstructured":"Torrey E, Entsminger K, Geller J, Stanley J, Jaffe D. The shortage of Public Hospital Beds for Mentally Ill Persons. The Treatment Advocacy Center: Arlington, USA. 2008."},{"key":"key-10.7189\/jogh.12.04054-202209030823-R42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"878","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(07)61239-2","article-title":"Resources for mental health: scarcity, inequity, and inefficiency.","volume":"370","author":"Saxena","year":"2007","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"key-10.7189\/jogh.12.04054-202209030823-R43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mundt AP, Rozas Serri E, Irarrazaval M, O'Reilly R, Allison S, Bastiampillai T, et al. Minimum and optimal numbers of psychiatric beds: expert consensus using a Delphi process. Mol Psychiatry. 2022 Jan 21, online ahead of print. 10.1038\/s41380-021-01435-0.10.1038\/s41380-021-01435-0","DOI":"10.1038\/s41380-021-01435-0"},{"key":"key-10.7189\/jogh.12.04054-202209030823-R44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"745247","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2021.745247","article-title":"Expert Arguments for Trends of Psychiatric Bed Numbers: A Systematic Review of Qualitative Data.","volume":"12","author":"Mundt","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Psychiatry"},{"key":"key-10.7189\/jogh.12.04054-202209030823-R45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.4314\/ajpsy.v15i1.1","article-title":"Forensic psychiatry in Africa: prospects and challenges.","volume":"15","author":"Ogunlesl","year":"2012","journal-title":"Afr J Psychiatry (Johannesbg)"},{"key":"key-10.7189\/jogh.12.04054-202209030823-R46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1017\/S2045796017000075","article-title":"Mental health service availability and delivery at the global level: an analysis by countries\u2019 income level from WHO\u2019s Mental Health Atlas 2014.","author":"Lora","year":"2017","journal-title":"Epidemiol Psychiatr Sci"},{"key":"key-10.7189\/jogh.12.04054-202209030823-R47","unstructured":"World Health Organization. Mental Health Atlas 2014. Geneva, Switzerland; 2015."},{"key":"key-10.7189\/jogh.12.04054-202209030823-R48","unstructured":"World Health Organization. Mental Health Atlas 2011. Geneva, Switzerland; 2012."},{"key":"key-10.7189\/jogh.12.04054-202209030823-R49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jefferson AM, Martin TM. Prisons in Africa. Handbook on prisons: Routledge; 2016. p. 423-40.","DOI":"10.4324\/9781315797779-25"},{"key":"key-10.7189\/jogh.12.04054-202209030823-R50","unstructured":"Walmsley R. World Prison Population List - 12th edition. London: Institute for Criminal Policy and Research; 2018. Available: https:\/\/www.prisonstudies.org\/sites\/default\/files\/resources\/downloads\/wppl_12.pdf. Accessed: 22 May 2022."},{"key":"key-10.7189\/jogh.12.04054-202209030823-R51","unstructured":"Penal Reform International. Sub-Saharan Africa. London; 2021."},{"key":"key-10.7189\/jogh.12.04054-202209030823-R52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rea L. Applying restorative justice to the genocide in Rwanda. Freedom from Fear. 2010:43-7. Available: https:\/\/f3magazine.unicri.it\/?p=396. Accessed: 22 May 2022.","DOI":"10.18356\/8c2d8e5c-en"},{"key":"key-10.7189\/jogh.12.04054-202209030823-R53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1145","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph15061145","article-title":"The impact of austerity on mental health service provision: a UK perspective.","volume":"15","author":"Cummins","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health"},{"key":"key-10.7189\/jogh.12.04054-202209030823-R54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"112","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapsychiatry.2014.2433","article-title":"Psychiatric hospital beds and prison populations in South America since 1990: does the Penrose hypothesis apply?","volume":"72","author":"Mundt","year":"2015","journal-title":"JAMA Psychiatry"},{"key":"key-10.7189\/jogh.12.04054-202209030823-R55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"395","DOI":"10.1007\/s00127-018-1630-y","article-title":"A survey of traditional and faith healers providing mental health care in three sub-Saharan African countries.","volume":"54","author":"Esan","year":"2019","journal-title":"Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol"},{"key":"key-10.7189\/jogh.12.04054-202209030823-R56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1007\/s11920-017-0780-z","article-title":"Challenges and Opportunities in Global Mental Health: a Research-to-Practice Perspective.","volume":"19","author":"Wainberg","year":"2017","journal-title":"Curr Psychiatry Rep"},{"key":"key-10.7189\/jogh.12.04054-202209030823-R57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"377","DOI":"10.1007\/s10488-007-0116-0","article-title":"International Planning Directions for Provision of Mental Health Services.","volume":"34","author":"Pirkis","year":"2007","journal-title":"Adm Policy Ment Health"},{"key":"key-10.7189\/jogh.12.04054-202209030823-R58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"507","DOI":"10.1007\/s10488-018-00917-8","article-title":"Observed Outcomes: An Approach to Calculate the Optimum Number of Psychiatric Beds.","volume":"46","author":"O\u2019Reilly","year":"2019","journal-title":"Adm Policy Ment Health"},{"key":"key-10.7189\/jogh.12.04054-202209030823-R59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1017\/S2045796016000718","article-title":"Time to focus on institutional reforms in low and middle income countries.","volume":"26","author":"Chatterjee","year":"2017","journal-title":"Epidemiol Psychiatr Sci"}],"container-title":["Journal of Global Health"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/jogh.org\/2022\/jogh-12-04054","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,3]],"date-time":"2022-09-03T06:25:01Z","timestamp":1662186301000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/jogh.org\/2022\/jogh-12-04054"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,3]]},"references-count":59,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7189\/jogh.12.04054","relation":{},"ISSN":["2047-2978","2047-2986"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2047-2978","type":"print"},{"value":"2047-2986","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,3]]},"article-number":"04054"}}