{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,11]],"date-time":"2026-09-11T23:06:33Z","timestamp":1789167993968,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"International Society of Global Health","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J Glob Health"],"DOI":"10.7189\/jogh.12.10007","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,12]],"date-time":"2022-11-12T16:22:16Z","timestamp":1668270136000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Can child pneumonia in low-resource settings be treated without antibiotics? A systematic review &amp; meta-analysis"],"prefix":"10.7189","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Patrick JB","family":"Walker","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for International Child Health, Murdoch Children\u2019s Research Institute, University of Melbourne, Royal Children\u2019s Hospital, Parkville, Victoria, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chris","family":"Wilkes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for International Child Health, Murdoch Children\u2019s Research Institute, University of Melbourne, Royal Children\u2019s Hospital, Parkville, Victoria, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Trevor","family":"Duke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for International Child Health, Murdoch Children\u2019s Research Institute, University of Melbourne, Royal Children\u2019s Hospital, Parkville, Victoria, Australia"},{"name":"Department of Paediatrics, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hamish R","family":"Graham","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for International Child Health, Murdoch Children\u2019s Research Institute, University of Melbourne, Royal Children\u2019s Hospital, Parkville, Victoria, Australia"},{"name":"Department of Paediatrics, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"name":"ARI Review group","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"4223","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"key-10.7189\/jogh.12.10007-202211121732-R1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"106","DOI":"10.1016\/S2352-4642(21)00311-4","article-title":"Global, regional, and national causes of under-5 mortality in 2000-19: an updated systematic analysis with implications for the Sustainable Development Goals.","volume":"6","author":"Perin","year":"2022","journal-title":"Lancet Child Adolesc Health"},{"key":"key-10.7189\/jogh.12.10007-202211121732-R2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"757","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(19)30721-4","article-title":"Causes of severe pneumonia requiring hospital admission in children without HIV infection from Africa and Asia: the PERCH multi-country case-control study.","volume":"394","author":"O\u2019Brien","year":"2019","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"key-10.7189\/jogh.12.10007-202211121732-R3","unstructured":"World Health Organization. Pocket book of hospital care for children: Guidelines for the management of common childhood illnesses (2nd edition). Geneva: World Health Organization; 2013."},{"key":"key-10.7189\/jogh.12.10007-202211121732-R4","first-page":"999","article-title":"Appropriate antimicrobial prescribing: approaches that limit antibiotic resistance.","volume":"64","author":"Colgan","year":"2001","journal-title":"Am Fam Physician"},{"key":"key-10.7189\/jogh.12.10007-202211121732-R5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1089\/mdr.1997.3.117","article-title":"Effect of antimicrobial use and other risk factors on antimicrobial resistance in pneumococci.","volume":"3","author":"Kristinsson","year":"1997","journal-title":"Microb Drug Resist"},{"key":"key-10.7189\/jogh.12.10007-202211121732-R6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.1177\/2042098614554919","article-title":"Antimicrobial resistance: risk associated with antibiotic overuse and initiatives to reduce the problem.","volume":"5","author":"Llor","year":"2014","journal-title":"Ther Adv Drug Saf"},{"key":"key-10.7189\/jogh.12.10007-202211121732-R7","unstructured":"World Health Organization. Antimicrobial stewardship programmes in health-care facilities in low- and middle-income countries: a WHO practical toolkit. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2019."},{"key":"key-10.7189\/jogh.12.10007-202211121732-R8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"CD003543","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD003543.pub3","article-title":"Interventions to improve antibiotic prescribing practices for hospital inpatients.","author":"Davey","year":"2013","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"key":"key-10.7189\/jogh.12.10007-202211121732-R9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e744","DOI":"10.1016\/S2214-109X(18)30247-X","article-title":"Burden of Streptococcus pneumoniae and Haemophilus influenzae type b disease in children in the era of conjugate vaccines: global, regional, and national estimates for 2000\u201315.","volume":"6","author":"Wahl","year":"2018","journal-title":"Lancet Glob Health"},{"key":"key-10.7189\/jogh.12.10007-202211121732-R10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"j686","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.j686","article-title":"Community acquired pneumonia in children.","volume":"356","author":"Haq","year":"2017","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"key-10.7189\/jogh.12.10007-202211121732-R11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S378","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/cix150","article-title":"Association of C-Reactive Protein With Bacterial and Respiratory Syncytial Virus\u2013Associated Pneumonia Among Children Aged <5 Years in the PERCH Study.","volume":"64","author":"Higdon","year":"2017","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"key-10.7189\/jogh.12.10007-202211121732-R12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"538","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciz545","article-title":"Procalcitonin to Distinguish Viral From Bacterial Pneumonia: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis.","volume":"70","author":"Kamat","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"key-10.7189\/jogh.12.10007-202211121732-R13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1186\/s12890-019-0835-5","article-title":"Combination of clinical symptoms and blood biomarkers can improve discrimination between bacterial or viral community-acquired pneumonia in children.","volume":"19","author":"Bhuiyan","year":"2019","journal-title":"BMC Pulm Med."},{"key":"key-10.7189\/jogh.12.10007-202211121732-R14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"700","DOI":"10.1001\/archpediatrics.2011.1669","article-title":"Prospective Multicenter Study of Viral Etiology and Hospital Length of Stay in Children With Severe Bronchiolitis.","volume":"166","author":"Mansbach","year":"2012","journal-title":"Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med"},{"key":"key-10.7189\/jogh.12.10007-202211121732-R15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/2046-4053-4-1","article-title":"Preferred reporting items for systematic review and meta-analysis protocols (PRISMA-P) 2015 statement.","volume":"4","author":"Moher","year":"2015","journal-title":"Syst Rev"},{"key":"key-10.7189\/jogh.12.10007-202211121732-R16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"105906","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijsu.2021.105906","article-title":"The PRISMA 2020 statement: an updated guideline for reporting systematic reviews.","volume":"88","author":"Page","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int J Surg"},{"key":"key-10.7189\/jogh.12.10007-202211121732-R17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1991","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0001991","article-title":"Does 3-day course of oral amoxycillin benefit children of non-severe pneumonia with wheeze: A multicentric randomised controlled trial.","volume":"3","author":"Awasthi","year":"2008","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"key-10.7189\/jogh.12.10007-202211121732-R18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapediatrics.2018.3407","article-title":"Placebo vs amoxicillin for nonsevere fast-breathing pneumonia in Malawian children aged 2 to 59 Months: a double-blind, randomized clinical noninferiority trial.","volume":"173","author":"Ginsburg","year":"2019","journal-title":"JAMA Pediatr"},{"key":"key-10.7189\/jogh.12.10007-202211121732-R19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"293","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciq142","article-title":"Comparison of oral amoxicillin with placebo for the treatment of world health organization-defined nonsevere pneumonia in children aged 2-59 months: a multicenter, double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial in Pakistan.","volume":"52","author":"Hazir","year":"2011","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"key-10.7189\/jogh.12.10007-202211121732-R20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1911998","article-title":"Randomized Trial of Amoxicillin for Pneumonia in Pakistan.","volume":"383","author":"Jehan","year":"2020","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"key-10.7189\/jogh.12.10007-202211121732-R21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2753.2010.01516.x","article-title":"Assessment of study quality for systematic reviews: a comparison of the Cochrane Collaboration Risk of Bias Tool and the Effective Public Health Practice Project Quality Assessment Tool: methodological research.","volume":"18","author":"Armijo-Olivo","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Eval Clin Pract"},{"key":"key-10.7189\/jogh.12.10007-202211121732-R22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"176","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1524-475X.2004.04006.x","article-title":"A process for systematically reviewing the literature: providing the research evidence for public health nursing interventions.","volume":"1","author":"Thomas","year":"2004","journal-title":"Worldviews Evid Based Nurs"},{"key":"key-10.7189\/jogh.12.10007-202211121732-R23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1593","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1651-2227.2009.01389.x","article-title":"Management of bronchiolitis without antibiotics: a multicentre randomized control trial in Bangladesh.","volume":"98","author":"Kabir","year":"2009","journal-title":"Acta Paediatr"},{"key":"key-10.7189\/jogh.12.10007-202211121732-R24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.3329\/jbcps.v27i2.4248","article-title":"Management of bronchiolitis with or without antibiotics a randomized control trial.","volume":"27","author":"Mazumder","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Bangladesh Coll Phys Surg"},{"key":"key-10.7189\/jogh.12.10007-202211121732-R25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1104","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2012.05.053","article-title":"Azithromycin therapy in hospitalized infants with acute bronchiolitis is not associated with better clinical outcomes: a randomized, double-blinded, and placebo-controlled clinical trial.","volume":"161","author":"Pinto","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Pediatr"},{"key":"key-10.7189\/jogh.12.10007-202211121732-R26","first-page":"41","article-title":"Role of antibiotic in the outcome of bronchiolitis.","volume":"6","author":"Rasul","year":"2008","journal-title":"Bronchiolitis Compendium."},{"key":"key-10.7189\/jogh.12.10007-202211121732-R27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1183\/09031936.00029206","article-title":"Clarithromycin in the treatment of RSV bronchiolitis: a double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled trial.","volume":"29","author":"Tahan","year":"2007","journal-title":"Eur Respir J"},{"key":"key-10.7189\/jogh.12.10007-202211121732-R28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1926","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciz080","article-title":"Safety and efficacy of C-reactive protein\u2013guided antibiotic use to treat acute respiratory infections in Tanzanian children: a planned subgroup analysis of a randomized controlled noninferiority trial evaluating a novel electronic clinical decision algorithm (ePOCT).","volume":"69","author":"Keitel","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"key-10.7189\/jogh.12.10007-202211121732-R29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e000415","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjresp-2019-000415","article-title":"Analysis of serious adverse events in a paediatric fast breathing pneumonia clinical trial in Malawi.","volume":"6","author":"Nkwopara","year":"2019","journal-title":"BMJ Open Respir Res"},{"key":"key-10.7189\/jogh.12.10007-202211121732-R30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e011636","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2016-011636","article-title":"Non-treatment of children with community health worker-diagnosed fast-breathing pneumonia in rural Malawi: exploratory subanalysis of a prospective cohort study.","volume":"6","author":"King","year":"2016","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"key":"key-10.7189\/jogh.12.10007-202211121732-R31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"CD009576","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD009576.pub2","article-title":"Antibiotic therapy versus no antibiotic therapy for children aged two to 59 months with WHO-defined non-severe pneumonia and wheeze.","author":"Lassi","year":"2014","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"key":"key-10.7189\/jogh.12.10007-202211121732-R32","unstructured":"World Health Organization. Integrated Management of Childhood Illness: Chart Booklet. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2014."},{"key":"key-10.7189\/jogh.12.10007-202211121732-R33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e633","DOI":"10.1016\/S2214-109X(16)30142-5","article-title":"Point-of-care C-reactive protein testing to reduce inappropriate use of antibiotics for non-severe acute respiratory infections in Vietnamese primary health care: a randomised controlled trial.","volume":"4","author":"Do","year":"2016","journal-title":"Lancet Glob Health"},{"key":"key-10.7189\/jogh.12.10007-202211121732-R34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0228056","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0228056","article-title":"Bacterial pneumonia and its associated factors in children from a developing country: A prospective cohort study.","volume":"15","author":"Nathan","year":"2020","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"key-10.7189\/jogh.12.10007-202211121732-R35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"458","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diagmicrobio.2014.04.006","article-title":"Utility of inflammatory markers in predicting the aetiology of pneumonia in children.","volume":"79","author":"Elemraid","year":"2014","journal-title":"Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis"},{"key":"key-10.7189\/jogh.12.10007-202211121732-R36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e18928","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0018928","article-title":"Viral and atypical bacterial detection in acute respiratory infection in children under five years.","volume":"6","author":"Bezerra","year":"2011","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"key-10.7189\/jogh.12.10007-202211121732-R37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"611","DOI":"10.1136\/thx.2005.048397","article-title":"High incidence of pulmonary bacterial co-infection in children with severe respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) bronchiolitis.","volume":"61","author":"Thorburn","year":"2006","journal-title":"Thorax"},{"key":"key-10.7189\/jogh.12.10007-202211121732-R38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e000812","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjgh-2018-000812","article-title":"Adoption of paediatric and neonatal pulse oximetry by 12 hospitals in Nigeria: a mixed-methods realist evaluation.","volume":"3","author":"Graham","year":"2018","journal-title":"BMJ Glob Health"},{"key":"key-10.7189\/jogh.12.10007-202211121732-R39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(09)70071-4","article-title":"The prevalence of hypoxaemia among ill children in developing countries: a systematic review.","volume":"9","author":"Subhi","year":"2009","journal-title":"Lancet Infect Dis"},{"key":"key-10.7189\/jogh.12.10007-202211121732-R40","first-page":"1362","article-title":"Oxygen is an essential medicine: a call for international action.","volume":"14","author":"Duke","year":"2010","journal-title":"Int J Tuberc Lung Dis"}],"container-title":["Journal of Global Health"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/jogh.org\/2022\/jogh-12-10007","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,12]],"date-time":"2022-11-12T16:33:30Z","timestamp":1668270810000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/jogh.org\/2022\/jogh-12-10007"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,12]]},"references-count":40,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7189\/jogh.12.10007","relation":{},"ISSN":["2047-2978","2047-2986"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2047-2978","type":"print"},{"value":"2047-2986","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,12]]},"article-number":"10007"}}