{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,7]],"date-time":"2026-10-07T05:55:40Z","timestamp":1791352540182,"version":"4.3.1"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"International Society of Global Health","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J Glob Health"],"DOI":"10.7189\/jogh.13.04144","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,7]],"date-time":"2023-11-07T16:16:02Z","timestamp":1699373762000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":48,"title":["Significant myopic shift over time: Sixteen-year trends in overall refraction and age of myopia onset among Chinese children, with a focus on ages 4-6 years"],"prefix":"10.7189","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Zhi","family":"Chen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Eye Institute and Department of Ophthalmology, Eye & ENT Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China"},{"name":"NHC Key Laboratory of Myopia (Fudan University); Key Laboratory of Myopia, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Shanghai, China"},{"name":"Shanghai Research Center of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Shanghai, 200031, China"},{"name":"Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Laser and Autostereoscopic 3D for Vision Care, Shanghai, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dantong","family":"Gu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Research and Achievement Translation Center, Eye & ENT Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bingjie","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Optometry and Vision Science, University of New South Wales, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pauline","family":"Kang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Optometry and Vision Science, University of New South Wales, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kathleen","family":"Watt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Optometry and Vision Science, University of New South Wales, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zuyao","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Epidemiology, JC School of Public Health and Primary Care, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xingtao","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Eye Institute and Department of Ophthalmology, Eye & ENT Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China"},{"name":"NHC Key Laboratory of Myopia (Fudan University); Key Laboratory of Myopia, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Shanghai, China"},{"name":"Shanghai Research Center of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Shanghai, 200031, China"},{"name":"Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Laser and Autostereoscopic 3D for Vision Care, Shanghai, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"4223","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"key-10.7189\/jogh.13.04144-202311062354-R1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4846","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.07-0101","article-title":"Variation of the contribution from axial length and other oculometric parameters to refraction by age and ethnicity.","volume":"48","author":"Ip","year":"2007","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"key-10.7189\/jogh.13.04144-202311062354-R2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1036","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2016.01.006","article-title":"Global prevalence of myopia and high myopia and temporal trends from 2000 through 2050.","volume":"123","author":"Holden","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"key-10.7189\/jogh.13.04144-202311062354-R3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"134","DOI":"10.1016\/j.preteyeres.2017.09.004","article-title":"The epidemics of myopia: Aetiology and prevention.","volume":"62","author":"Morgan","year":"2018","journal-title":"Prog Retin Eye Res"},{"key":"key-10.7189\/jogh.13.04144-202311062354-R4","unstructured":"National Health Commission. The 2018 myopia survey of children and adolescents. Available: http:\/\/www.nhc.gov.cn\/jkj\/s7934td\/201808\/9c15cbb15d674fe7a115773a822d3300.shtml. Accessed: 31 Aug 2018."},{"key":"key-10.7189\/jogh.13.04144-202311062354-R5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2510","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.06-0562","article-title":"Refractive error, axial length, and relative peripheral refractive error before and after the onset of myopia.","volume":"48","author":"Mutti","year":"2007","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"key-10.7189\/jogh.13.04144-202311062354-R6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3091","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.18-26247","article-title":"Axial growth and lens power loss at myopia onset in Singaporean children.","volume":"60","author":"Rozema","year":"2019","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"key-10.7189\/jogh.13.04144-202311062354-R7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"178","DOI":"10.1186\/s12886-018-0836-9","article-title":"Incidence of myopia and biometric characteristics of premyopic eyes among Chinese children and adolescents.","volume":"18","author":"Li","year":"2018","journal-title":"BMC Ophthalmol"},{"key":"key-10.7189\/jogh.13.04144-202311062354-R8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"248","DOI":"10.1097\/ICL.0000000000000505","article-title":"Axial elongation in myopic children and its association with myopia progression in the correction of myopia evaluation trial.","volume":"44","author":"Hou","year":"2018","journal-title":"Eye Contact Lens"},{"key":"key-10.7189\/jogh.13.04144-202311062354-R9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"388","DOI":"10.1111\/opo.12305","article-title":"Age of onset of myopia predicts risk of high myopia in later childhood in myopic Singapore children.","volume":"36","author":"Chua","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ophthalmic Physiol Opt"},{"key":"key-10.7189\/jogh.13.04144-202311062354-R10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.61.4.49","article-title":"The complications of myopia: A review and meta-analysis.","volume":"61","author":"Haarman","year":"2020","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"key-10.7189\/jogh.13.04144-202311062354-R11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"554","DOI":"10.21037\/atm-20-6663","article-title":"Real-world big data demonstrates prevalence trends and developmental patterns of myopia in China: A retrospective, multicenter study.","volume":"9","author":"Long","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ann Transl Med"},{"key":"key-10.7189\/jogh.13.04144-202311062354-R12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"510","DOI":"10.1111\/aos.13964","article-title":"Risk factors for high myopia: A 22-year follow-up study from childhood to adulthood.","volume":"97","author":"P\u00e4rssinen","year":"2019","journal-title":"Acta Ophthalmologica."},{"key":"key-10.7189\/jogh.13.04144-202311062354-R13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1129","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaophthalmol.2020.3451","article-title":"Association of age at myopia onset with risk of high myopia in adulthood in a 12-year follow-up of a Chinese cohort.","volume":"138","author":"Hu","year":"2020","journal-title":"JAMA Ophthalmol"},{"key":"key-10.7189\/jogh.13.04144-202311062354-R14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"134","DOI":"10.1038\/eye.2013.255","article-title":"Practical applications to modify and control the development of ametropia.","volume":"28","author":"Sankaridurg","year":"2014","journal-title":"Eye (Lond)"},{"key":"key-10.7189\/jogh.13.04144-202311062354-R15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.62.5.2","article-title":"IMI Impact of myopia.","volume":"62","author":"Sankaridurg","year":"2021","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"key-10.7189\/jogh.13.04144-202311062354-R16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1748","DOI":"10.1136\/bjophthalmol-2019-315298","article-title":"Prevalence of myopic macular degeneration worldwide: A systematic review and meta-analysis.","volume":"104","author":"Zou","year":"2020","journal-title":"Br J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"key-10.7189\/jogh.13.04144-202311062354-R17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"683","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaophthalmol.2015.0471","article-title":"Prediction of juvenile-onset myopia.","volume":"133","author":"Zadnik","year":"2015","journal-title":"JAMA Ophthalmol"},{"key":"key-10.7189\/jogh.13.04144-202311062354-R18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2100","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2013.02.035","article-title":"Risk factors for incident myopia in Australian schoolchildren the Sydney adolescent vascular and eye study.","volume":"120","author":"French","year":"2013","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"key-10.7189\/jogh.13.04144-202311062354-R19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"861","DOI":"10.1111\/ceo.13195","article-title":"Cohort study with 4-year follow-up of myopia and refractive parameters in primary schoolchildren in Baoshan District, Shanghai.","volume":"46","author":"Ma","year":"2018","journal-title":"Clin Exp Ophthalmol"},{"key":"key-10.7189\/jogh.13.04144-202311062354-R20","first-page":"2323","article-title":"Percentile charts for normal axial length changes in Chinese school children with stable emmetropia.","volume":"62","author":"Wong","year":"2021","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"key-10.7189\/jogh.13.04144-202311062354-R21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1826","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2017.05.030","article-title":"Significant axial elongation with minimal change in refraction in 3- to 6-year-old Chinese preschoolers: the Shenzhen kindergarten eye study.","volume":"124","author":"Guo","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"key-10.7189\/jogh.13.04144-202311062354-R22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1111\/opo.12040","article-title":"Myopia and international educational performance.","volume":"33","author":"Morgan","year":"2013","journal-title":"Ophthalmic Physiol Opt"},{"key":"key-10.7189\/jogh.13.04144-202311062354-R23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1186\/s12886-015-0052-9","article-title":"Effect of outdoor activity on myopia onset and progression in school-aged children in northeast China: the Sujiatun eye care study.","volume":"15","author":"Jin","year":"2015","journal-title":"BMC Ophthalmol"},{"key":"key-10.7189\/jogh.13.04144-202311062354-R24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1239","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2017.12.011","article-title":"Myopia prevention and outdoor light intensity in a school-based cluster randomized trial.","volume":"125","author":"Wu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"key-10.7189\/jogh.13.04144-202311062354-R25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1080","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2012.11.009","article-title":"Outdoor activity during class recess reduces myopia onset and progression in school children.","volume":"120","author":"Wu","year":"2013","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"key-10.7189\/jogh.13.04144-202311062354-R26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exer.2013.04.018","article-title":"Time outdoors and the prevention of myopia.","volume":"114","author":"French","year":"2013","journal-title":"Exp Eye Res"},{"key":"key-10.7189\/jogh.13.04144-202311062354-R27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1142","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2015.10803","article-title":"Effect of time spent outdoors at school on the development of myopia among children in China: A randomized clinical trial.","volume":"314","author":"He","year":"2015","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"key-10.7189\/jogh.13.04144-202311062354-R28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1245","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2022.06.024","article-title":"Time outdoors in reducing myopia: A school-based cluster randomized trial with objective monitoring of outdoor time and light intensity.","volume":"129","author":"He","year":"2022","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"key-10.7189\/jogh.13.04144-202311062354-R29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"293","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaophthalmol.2020.6239","article-title":"Progression of myopia in school-aged children after COVID-19 home confinement.","volume":"139","author":"Wang","year":"2021","journal-title":"JAMA Ophthalmol"},{"key":"key-10.7189\/jogh.13.04144-202311062354-R30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"333","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2020.07.034","article-title":"Digital screen time during the COVID-19 pandemic: Risk for a further myopia boom?","volume":"223","author":"Wong","year":"2021","journal-title":"Am J Ophthalmol"}],"container-title":["Journal of Global Health"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/jogh.org\/2023\/jogh-13-04144","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,7]],"date-time":"2023-11-07T16:16:05Z","timestamp":1699373765000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/jogh.org\/2023\/jogh-13-04144"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,9]]},"references-count":30,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7189\/jogh.13.04144","relation":{},"ISSN":["2047-2978","2047-2986"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2047-2978","type":"print"},{"value":"2047-2986","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,9]]},"article-number":"04144"}}