{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T21:02:42Z","timestamp":1790802162280,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"International Society of Global Health","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J Glob Health"],"DOI":"10.7189\/jogh.15.04015","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,17]],"date-time":"2025-01-17T08:17:46Z","timestamp":1737101866000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Population attributable fractions for modifiable risk factors of neonatal, infant, and under-five mortality in 48 low- and middle-income countries"],"prefix":"10.7189","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Kedir Y","family":"Ahmed","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Rural Health Research Institute, Charles Sturt University, Orange, New South Wales, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Subash","family":"Thapa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Rural Health Research Institute, Charles Sturt University, Orange, New South Wales, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Getiye D","family":"Kibret","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, Health and Human Sciences, Macquarie University, Macquarie Park, New South Wales, Australia."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Habtamu M","family":"Bizuayehu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"First Nations Cancer and Wellbeing (FNCW) Research Program, School of Public Health, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jing","family":"Sun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Rural Health Research Institute, Charles Sturt University, Orange, New South Wales, Australia"},{"name":"Data Science Institute, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia"},{"name":"School of Health Sciences and Social Work, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"M Mamun","family":"Huda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Rural Health Research Institute, Charles Sturt University, Orange, New South Wales, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Abel F","family":"Dadi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Menzies School of Health Research, Charles Darwin University, Casuarina, Northern Territory, Australia"},{"name":"Addis Continental Institute of Public Health, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Felix A","family":"Ogbo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Riverland Academy of Clinical Excellence (RACE), Riverland Mallee Coorong Local Health Network, SA Health Government of South Australia, Berri, South Australia, Australia"},{"name":"Translational Health Research Institute, Western Sydney University, Campbelltown, New South Wales, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shakeel","family":"Mahmood","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Rural Health Research Institute, Charles Sturt University, Orange, New South Wales, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Muhammad J. A.","family":"Shiddiky","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Rural Health Research Institute, Charles Sturt University, Orange, New South Wales, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fentaw T","family":"Berhe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Wollo University, Dessie, Ethiopia"},{"name":"School of Medicine and Dentistry, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Setognal B","family":"Aychiluhm","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Rural Health Research Institute, Charles Sturt University, Orange, New South Wales, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anayochukwu E","family":"Anyasodor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Rural Health Research Institute, Charles Sturt University, Orange, New South Wales, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Allen G","family":"Ross","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Rural Health Research Institute, Charles Sturt University, Orange, New South Wales, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"4223","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"key-10.7189\/jogh.15.04015-202501170912-R1","unstructured":"United Nations. Transforming our world: The 2030 agenda for sustainable development. New York, New York, USA: United Nations; 2015. Available: https:\/\/sustainabledevelopment.un.org\/content\/documents\/21252030%20Agenda%20for%20Sustainable%20Development%20web.pdf. Accessed: 7 January 2025."},{"key":"key-10.7189\/jogh.15.04015-202501170912-R2","unstructured":"United Nations Inter-agency Group for Child Mortality Estimation (UN IGME). Levels and Trends in Child Mortality: Report 2020, estimates developed by the UN Inter-agency Group for Child Mortality Estimation. New York, New York, USA: United Nations Children\u2019s Fund; 2020. Available: https:\/\/www.unicef.org\/media\/60561\/file\/UN-IGME-child-mortality-report-2019.pdf. Accessed: 7 January 2025."},{"key":"key-10.7189\/jogh.15.04015-202501170912-R3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e195","DOI":"10.1016\/S2214-109X(21)00515-5","article-title":"Global, regional, and national trends in under-5 mortality between 1990 and 2019 with scenario-based projections until 2030: a systematic analysis by the UN Inter-agency Group for Child Mortality Estimation.","volume":"10","author":"Sharrow","year":"2022","journal-title":"Lancet Glob Health"},{"key":"key-10.7189\/jogh.15.04015-202501170912-R4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7763","DOI":"10.2147\/IJGM.S332926","article-title":"Trends in Under-5 Mortality Rates and Their Associations with Socioeconomic Factors Among Countries Participating in the Belt and Road Initiative: A Panel Data Analysis.","volume":"14","author":"Bai","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int J Gen Med"},{"key":"key-10.7189\/jogh.15.04015-202501170912-R5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e007675","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2015-007675","article-title":"Factors associated with declining under-five mortality rates from 2000 to 2013: an ecological analysis of 46 African countries.","volume":"6","author":"Kipp","year":"2016","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"key":"key-10.7189\/jogh.15.04015-202501170912-R6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"190","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2013.11.056","article-title":"Health sector priority setting at meso-level in lower and middle income countries: Lessons learned, available options and suggested steps.","volume":"102","author":"Hipgrave","year":"2014","journal-title":"Soc Sci Med"},{"key":"key-10.7189\/jogh.15.04015-202501170912-R7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1093\/inthealth\/ihy065","article-title":"Prevalence of and factors associated with under-5 mortality in South Asia.","volume":"11","author":"Sohail","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int Health"},{"key":"key-10.7189\/jogh.15.04015-202501170912-R8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0205977","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0205977","article-title":"Under five mortality patterns and associated maternal risk factors in sub-Saharan Africa: A multi-country analysis.","volume":"13","author":"Yaya","year":"2018","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"key-10.7189\/jogh.15.04015-202501170912-R9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2780","DOI":"10.1111\/apa.16032","article-title":"Caesarean section and increased neonatal mortality risk in meta-analysis of 33 sub-Saharan Africa Demographic and Health Surveys.","volume":"110","author":"Olukade","year":"2021","journal-title":"Acta Paediatr"},{"key":"key-10.7189\/jogh.15.04015-202501170912-R10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1243","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-019-7547-x","article-title":"Determinants of trends in neonatal, post-neonatal, infant, child and under-five mortalities in Tanzania from 2004 to 2016.","volume":"19","author":"Ogbo","year":"2019","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"key":"key-10.7189\/jogh.15.04015-202501170912-R11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"835","DOI":"10.1007\/s12519-022-00668-5","article-title":"Mapping the quality of prenatal and postnatal care and demographic differences on child mortality in 26 low to middle-income countries.","volume":"19","author":"Lin","year":"2023","journal-title":"World J Pediatr"},{"key":"key-10.7189\/jogh.15.04015-202501170912-R12","unstructured":"Newson R. PUNAF: Stata module to compute population attributable fractions for cohort studies. 2012. Available: https:\/\/ideas.repec.org\/c\/boc\/bocode\/s457193.html. Accessed: 7 January 2025."},{"key":"key-10.7189\/jogh.15.04015-202501170912-R13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"672","DOI":"10.1177\/1536867X1301300402","article-title":"Attributable and unattributable risks and fractions and other scenario comparisons.","volume":"13","author":"Newson","year":"2013","journal-title":"Stata J"},{"key":"key-10.7189\/jogh.15.04015-202501170912-R14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1202","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.85.9.1202","article-title":"Public health methods\u2013attributable risk as a link between causality and public health action.","volume":"85","author":"Northridge","year":"1995","journal-title":"Am J Public Health"},{"key":"key-10.7189\/jogh.15.04015-202501170912-R15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.88.1.15","article-title":"Use and misuse of population attributable fractions.","volume":"88","author":"Rockhill","year":"1998","journal-title":"Am J Public Health"},{"key":"key-10.7189\/jogh.15.04015-202501170912-R16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1016\/j.annepidem.2014.11.015","article-title":"A history of the population attributable fraction and related measures.","volume":"25","author":"Poole","year":"2015","journal-title":"Ann Epidemiol"},{"key":"key-10.7189\/jogh.15.04015-202501170912-R17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1602","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dys184","article-title":"Demographic and health surveys: a profile.","volume":"41","author":"Corsi","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int J Epidemiol"},{"key":"key-10.7189\/jogh.15.04015-202501170912-R18","unstructured":"United States Agency for International Development. Guide to DHS Statistics: DHS-7. Rockville, Maryland, USA: United States Agency for International Development; 2018. Available: https:\/\/dhsprogram.com\/pubs\/pdf\/DHSG1\/Guide_to_DHS_Statistics_DHS-7.pdf Accessed: 7 January 2025."},{"key":"key-10.7189\/jogh.15.04015-202501170912-R19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2104","DOI":"10.3390\/nu13062104","article-title":"Mapping Geographical Differences and Examining the Determinants of Childhood Stunting in Ethiopia: A Bayesian Geostatistical Analysis.","volume":"13","author":"Ahmed","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"key-10.7189\/jogh.15.04015-202501170912-R20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0230978","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0230978","article-title":"Associations between infant and young child feeding practices and acute respiratory infection and diarrhoea in Ethiopia: A propensity score matching approach.","volume":"15","author":"Ahmed","year":"2020","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"key-10.7189\/jogh.15.04015-202501170912-R21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-018-5145-y","article-title":"Population attributable risk of key modifiable risk factors associated with non-exclusive breastfeeding in Nigeria.","volume":"18","author":"Ogbo","year":"2018","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"key":"key-10.7189\/jogh.15.04015-202501170912-R22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e2338321","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2023.38321","article-title":"Population-Modifiable Risk Factors Associated With Childhood Stunting in Sub-Saharan Africa.","volume":"6","author":"Ahmed","year":"2023","journal-title":"JAMA Netw Open"},{"key":"key-10.7189\/jogh.15.04015-202501170912-R23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e10047","DOI":"10.7759\/cureus.10047","article-title":"What\u2019s the Risk: Differentiating Risk Ratios, Odds Ratios, and Hazard Ratios?","volume":"12","author":"George","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"key-10.7189\/jogh.15.04015-202501170912-R24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.1080\/14034940210165028","article-title":"Multilevel modelling and public health policy.","volume":"31","author":"Leyland","year":"2003","journal-title":"Scand J Public Health"},{"key":"key-10.7189\/jogh.15.04015-202501170912-R25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsp.2009.09.002","article-title":"A practical guide to multilevel modeling.","volume":"48","author":"Peugh","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Sch Psychol"},{"key":"key-10.7189\/jogh.15.04015-202501170912-R26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"325","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.aje.a121617","article-title":"Proportion of disease caused or prevented by a given exposure, trait or intervention.","volume":"99","author":"Miettinen","year":"1974","journal-title":"Am J Epidemiol"},{"key":"key-10.7189\/jogh.15.04015-202501170912-R27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"370","DOI":"10.1016\/j.maturitas.2013.09.002","article-title":"Population attributable risk of modifiable risk factors associated with invasive breast cancer in women aged 45\u201369 years in Queensland, Australia.","volume":"76","author":"Wilson","year":"2013","journal-title":"Maturitas"},{"key":"key-10.7189\/jogh.15.04015-202501170912-R28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e717","DOI":"10.1016\/S2468-2667(23)00146-9","article-title":"Potentially modifiable dementia risk factors in all Australians and within population groups: an analysis using cross-sectional survey data.","volume":"8","author":"See","year":"2023","journal-title":"Lancet Public Health"},{"key":"key-10.7189\/jogh.15.04015-202501170912-R29","unstructured":"StataCorp LLC. Stata survey data reference manual release 15. College Station, Texas, USA: Stata Press Publication StataCorp LLC; 2017. Available: https:\/\/surveydesign.com.au\/docs\/manuals\/stata15\/svy.pdf. Accessed: 7 January 2025."},{"key":"key-10.7189\/jogh.15.04015-202501170912-R30","unstructured":"Rabe-Hesketh S. GLLAMM: Stata program to fit generalised linear latent and mixed models. Berkeley, California, USA: University of California; 2000. Available: https:\/\/biostat.jhsph.edu\/~fdominic\/teaching\/bio656\/software\/gllamm.manual.pdf. Accessed: 7 January 2025."},{"key":"key-10.7189\/jogh.15.04015-202501170912-R31","unstructured":"Economist Impact. Breaking the cycle of chronic child malnutrition in Sub-Saharan Africa. London, UK: The Economist Group; 2023. Available: https:\/\/impact.economist.com\/perspectives\/sites\/default\/files\/economist_impact_breaking_the_cycle_of_chronic_malnutrition_in_ssa_feb_23.pdf. Accessed: 7 January 2025."},{"key":"key-10.7189\/jogh.15.04015-202501170912-R32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S1","DOI":"10.1186\/1742-4755-11-S3-S1","article-title":"Preconception care: closing the gap in the continuum of care to accelerate improvements in maternal, newborn and child health.","volume":"11","author":"Dean","year":"2014","journal-title":"Reprod Health"},{"key":"key-10.7189\/jogh.15.04015-202501170912-R33","unstructured":"World Health Organization. Capture the moment - Early initiation of breastfeeding: the best start for every newborn. Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization; 2018. Available: https:\/\/www.who.int\/nutrition\/publications\/infantfeeding\/capture-moment-early-initiation-bf\/en\/. Accessed: 3 April 2023."},{"key":"key-10.7189\/jogh.15.04015-202501170912-R34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"020302","DOI":"10.7189\/jogh.04.020302","article-title":"Community health workers: A crucial role in newborn health care and survival.","volume":"4","author":"Aboubaker","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Glob Health"},{"key":"key-10.7189\/jogh.15.04015-202501170912-R35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"92","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1752-699X.2008.00091.x","article-title":"Attributable fractions for partitioning risk and evaluating disease prevention: a practical guide.","volume":"2","author":"Eide","year":"2008","journal-title":"Clin Respir J"},{"key":"key-10.7189\/jogh.15.04015-202501170912-R36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100971","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2021.100971","article-title":"Global prevalence of WHO infant feeding practices in 57 LMICs in 2010\u20132018 and time trends since 2000 for 44 LMICs.","volume":"37","author":"Zong","year":"2021","journal-title":"EClinicalMedicine"}],"container-title":["Journal of Global Health"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/jogh.org\/2025\/jogh-15-04015","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,17]],"date-time":"2025-01-17T08:17:50Z","timestamp":1737101870000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/jogh.org\/2025\/jogh-15-04015"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,17]]},"references-count":36,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7189\/jogh.15.04015","relation":{},"ISSN":["2047-2978","2047-2986"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2047-2978","type":"print"},{"value":"2047-2986","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,17]]},"article-number":"04015"}}