{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,11]],"date-time":"2026-09-11T23:06:17Z","timestamp":1789167977835,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":54,"publisher":"International Society of Global Health","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J Glob Health"],"DOI":"10.7189\/jogh.15.04089","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,11]],"date-time":"2025-07-11T12:30:16Z","timestamp":1752237016000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Outcomes of children aged 2\u201359 months with chest indrawing pneumonia managed on an outpatient basis in selected primary health facilities in Zambia"],"prefix":"10.7189","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Choolwe","family":"Jacobs","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, University of Zambia, Lusaka, Zambia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chipo","family":"Nkwemu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Strategic Information, Centre for Infectious Disease Research in Zambia, Lusaka, Zambia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bryan Bakele","family":"Ngambi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Save the Children, Lusaka, Zambia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vichael","family":"Silavwe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Child Health Unit, Ministry of Health, Lusaka, Zambia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shamim Ahmad","family":"Qazi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Independent Consultant, Geneva, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yasir Bin","family":"Nisar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Maternal, Newborn, Child and Adolescent Health and Ageing, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"4223","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"key-10.7189\/jogh.15.04089-202507111200-R1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e47","DOI":"10.1016\/S2214-109X(18)30408-X","article-title":"Global, regional, and national estimates of pneumonia morbidity and mortality in children younger than 5 years between 2000 and 2015: a systematic analysis.","volume":"7","author":"McAllister","year":"2019","journal-title":"Lancet Glob Health"},{"key":"key-10.7189\/jogh.15.04089-202507111200-R2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1016\/j.prrv.2019.06.001","article-title":"Childhood pneumonia in low-and-middle-income countries: An update.","volume":"32","author":"Marangu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Paediatr Respir Rev"},{"key":"key-10.7189\/jogh.15.04089-202507111200-R3","unstructured":"United Nations Children\u2019s Fund. Pneumonia - A child dies of pneumonia every 43 seconds. 2024. Available: https:\/\/data.unicef.org\/topic\/child-health\/pneumonia\/. Accessed: 3 May 2024."},{"key":"key-10.7189\/jogh.15.04089-202507111200-R4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"106","DOI":"10.1016\/S2352-4642(21)00311-4","article-title":"Global, regional, and national causes of under-5 mortality in 2000-19: an updated systematic analysis with implications for the Sustainable Development Goals.","volume":"6","author":"Perin","year":"2022","journal-title":"Lancet Child Adolesc Health"},{"key":"key-10.7189\/jogh.15.04089-202507111200-R5","unstructured":"United Nations Children\u2019s Fund. UNICEF multiple indicator cluster surveys (MICS). 2020. Available: https:\/\/mics.unicef.org\/. Accessed: 5 May 2025."},{"key":"key-10.7189\/jogh.15.04089-202507111200-R6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"170","DOI":"10.1186\/s12913-023-09086-3","article-title":"How Zambia reduced inequalities in under-five mortality rates over the last two decades: a mixed-methods study.","volume":"23","author":"Jacobs","year":"2023","journal-title":"BMC Health Serv Res"},{"key":"key-10.7189\/jogh.15.04089-202507111200-R7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1732668","DOI":"10.1080\/16549716.2020.1732668","article-title":"Measuring child survival for the Millennium Development Goals in Africa: what have we learned and what more is needed to evaluate the Sustainable Development Goals?","volume":"13","author":"Brault","year":"2020","journal-title":"Glob Health Action"},{"key":"key-10.7189\/jogh.15.04089-202507111200-R8","unstructured":"World Health Organization, United Nations Children\u2019s Fund. Ending preventable deaths: Global Action Plan for Prevention and Control of Pneumonia and Diarrhoea. Geneva, Switzerland, New York, USA: World Health Organization, United Nations Children\u2019s Fund; 2013. Available: https:\/\/www.who.int\/publications\/i\/item\/9789241505239. Accessed: 5 May 2025."},{"key":"key-10.7189\/jogh.15.04089-202507111200-R9","unstructured":"World Health Organization. Recommendations for management of common childhood conditions: evidence for technical update of pocket book recommendations: newborn conditions, dysentery, pneumonia, oxygen use and delivery, common causes of fever, severe acute malnutrition and supportive care. Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization; 2012. Available: https:\/\/www.who.int\/publications\/i\/item\/9789241502825. Accessed: 5 May 2025."},{"key":"key-10.7189\/jogh.15.04089-202507111200-R10","unstructured":"World Health Organization. Integrated management of childhood illness. 2014. Available: https:\/\/www.who.int\/teams\/maternal-newborn-child-adolescent-health-and-ageing\/child-health\/integrated-management-of-childhood-illness. Accessed: 5 May 2025."},{"key":"key-10.7189\/jogh.15.04089-202507111200-R11","unstructured":"World Health Organization. Integrated Management of Childhood Illness (IMCI): Chart Booklet 2017. Lusaka, Zambia: Ministry of Health, Government of Zambia; 2017. Available: https:\/\/iris.who.int\/bitstream\/handle\/10665\/69694\/IMCI_chartbooklet.pdf. Accessed: 5 May 2025."},{"key":"key-10.7189\/jogh.15.04089-202507111200-R12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e084350","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2024-084350","article-title":"Understanding the outcome and management of children aged 2-59 months with chest indrawing pneumonia: a study protocol for an observational study in Ethiopia, India, Nigeria, Pakistan, Uganda and Zambia.","volume":"14","author":"Chest indrawing Pneumonia Management (CIPAM) Study Group","year":"2024","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"key":"key-10.7189\/jogh.15.04089-202507111200-R13","unstructured":"Lwanga SK, Lemishow S. Sample size determination in health studies. Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization; 1991. Available: https:\/\/iris.who.int\/handle\/10665\/40062. Accessed: 5 May 2025."},{"key":"key-10.7189\/jogh.15.04089-202507111200-R14","first-page":"501","article-title":"Standard management of acute respiratory infections in a children\u2019s hospital in Pakistan: impact on antibiotic use and case fatality.","volume":"74","author":"Qazi","year":"1996","journal-title":"Bull World Health Organ"},{"key":"key-10.7189\/jogh.15.04089-202507111200-R15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1634","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.e1634","article-title":"Effect of implementation of Integrated Management of Neonatal and Childhood Illness (IMNCI) programme on neonatal and infant mortality: cluster randomised controlled trial.","volume":"344","author":"Bhandari","year":"2012","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"key-10.7189\/jogh.15.04089-202507111200-R16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e001852","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2012-001852","article-title":"Does implementation of the IMCI strategy have an impact on child mortality? A retrospective analysis of routine data from Egypt.","volume":"3","author":"Rakha","year":"2013","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"key":"key-10.7189\/jogh.15.04089-202507111200-R17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1093\/tropej\/fmy013","article-title":"Safety, Effectiveness and Feasibility of Outpatient Management of Children with Pneumonia with Chest Indrawing at Port Moresby General Hospital, Papua New Guinea.","volume":"65","author":"Morre","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Trop Pediatr"},{"key":"key-10.7189\/jogh.15.04089-202507111200-R18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"995","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-3156.2011.02787.x","article-title":"Outpatient treatment of children with severe pneumonia with oral amoxicillin in four countries: the MASS study.","volume":"16","author":"Addo-Yobo","year":"2011","journal-title":"Trop Med Int Health"},{"key":"key-10.7189\/jogh.15.04089-202507111200-R19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1111\/apa.14405","article-title":"Community case management of lower chest indrawing pneumonia with oral amoxicillin in children in Kenya.","volume":"107","author":"Onono","year":"2018","journal-title":"Acta paediatrica (Oslo, Norway: 1992)"},{"key":"key-10.7189\/jogh.15.04089-202507111200-R20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1796","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(11)61140-9","article-title":"Community case management of severe pneumonia with oral amoxicillin in children aged 2-59 months in Haripur district, Pakistan: a cluster randomised trial.","volume":"378","author":"Bari","year":"2011","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"key-10.7189\/jogh.15.04089-202507111200-R21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"729","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(11)61714-5","article-title":"Effectiveness of community case management of severe pneumonia with oral amoxicillin in children aged 2-59 months in Matiari district, rural Pakistan: a cluster-randomised controlled trial.","volume":"379","author":"Soofi","year":"2012","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"key-10.7189\/jogh.15.04089-202507111200-R22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e006405","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjgh-2021-006405","article-title":"Innovative, enhanced community management of non-hypoxaemic chest-indrawing pneumonia in 2\u201359-month-old children: a cluster-randomised trial in Africa and Asia.","volume":"7","author":"EMPIC Study Group","year":"2022","journal-title":"BMJ Glob Health"},{"key":"key-10.7189\/jogh.15.04089-202507111200-R23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"186","DOI":"10.1186\/s12887-015-0510-9","article-title":"A randomized controlled trial of hospital versus home based therapy with oral amoxicillin for severe pneumonia in children aged 3 - 59 months: The IndiaCLEN Severe Pneumonia Oral Therapy (ISPOT) Study.","volume":"15","author":"Patel","year":"2015","journal-title":"BMC Pediatr"},{"key":"key-10.7189\/jogh.15.04089-202507111200-R24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1216","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciu1166","article-title":"Oral amoxicillin versus benzyl penicillin for severe pneumonia among kenyan children: a pragmatic randomized controlled noninferiority trial.","volume":"60","author":"Agweyu","year":"2015","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"key-10.7189\/jogh.15.04089-202507111200-R25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(08)60071-9","article-title":"Ambulatory short-course high-dose oral amoxicillin for treatment of severe pneumonia in children: a randomised equivalency trial.","volume":"371","author":"Hazir","year":"2008","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"key-10.7189\/jogh.15.04089-202507111200-R26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1141","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(04)17100-6","article-title":"Oral amoxicillin versus injectable penicillin for severe pneumonia in children aged 3 to 59 months: a randomised multicentre equivalency study.","volume":"364","author":"Addo-Yobo","year":"2004","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"key-10.7189\/jogh.15.04089-202507111200-R27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e74","DOI":"10.1016\/S2214-109X(17)30448-5","article-title":"Appropriateness of clinical severity classification of new WHO childhood pneumonia guidance: a multi-hospital, retrospective, cohort study.","volume":"6","author":"Agweyu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Lancet Glob Health"},{"key":"key-10.7189\/jogh.15.04089-202507111200-R28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e8","DOI":"10.1016\/S2214-109X(17)30468-0","article-title":"Problems with the WHO guidelines for management of childhood pneumonia.","volume":"6","author":"Mulholland","year":"2018","journal-title":"Lancet Glob Health"},{"key":"key-10.7189\/jogh.15.04089-202507111200-R29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"822","DOI":"10.1186\/s12913-017-2781-3","article-title":"Adherence to the integrated management of childhood illness guidelines in Namibia, Kenya, Tanzania and Uganda: evidence from the national service provision assessment surveys.","volume":"17","author":"Kr\u00fcger","year":"2017","journal-title":"BMC Health Serv Res"},{"key":"key-10.7189\/jogh.15.04089-202507111200-R30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"610","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.21-0976","article-title":"Evaluation of Adherence of Health-Care Workers to Integrated Management of Childhood Illness Guidelines in the Context of the Free Care Program in Burkina Faso.","volume":"107","author":"Kpoda","year":"2022","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"key-10.7189\/jogh.15.04089-202507111200-R31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e90990","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0090990","article-title":"Use of antibiotics within the IMCI guidelines in outpatient settings in Papua New Guinean children: an observational and effectiveness study.","volume":"9","author":"Senn","year":"2014","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"key-10.7189\/jogh.15.04089-202507111200-R32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.5539\/gjhs.v8n5p217","article-title":"Primary Health Care Physicians\u2019 Adherence and Attitude Towards Integrated Management of Childhood Illness Guidelines in Alexandria Governorate in Egypt.","volume":"8","author":"El-Ayady","year":"2015","journal-title":"Glob J Health Sci"},{"key":"key-10.7189\/jogh.15.04089-202507111200-R33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2013.12.020","article-title":"Why don\u2019t clinicians adhere more consistently to guidelines for the Integrated Management of Childhood Illness (IMCI)?","volume":"104","author":"Lange","year":"2014","journal-title":"Soc Sci Med"},{"key":"key-10.7189\/jogh.15.04089-202507111200-R34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1701","DOI":"10.4314\/ahs.v21i4.25","article-title":"Prevalence and associated factors of pneumonia among under-fives with acute respiratory symptoms: a cross sectional study at a Teaching Hospital in Bushenyi District, Western Uganda.","volume":"21","author":"Kiconco","year":"2021","journal-title":"Afr Health Sci"},{"key":"key-10.7189\/jogh.15.04089-202507111200-R35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"150","DOI":"10.11648\/j.sjph.20140203.12","article-title":"Prevalence of pneumonia among under-five children in Este Town and the surrounding rural Kebeles, Northwest Ethiopia: A community based cross sectional study.","volume":"2","author":"Abeje Fekadu","year":"2014","journal-title":"Science Journal of Public Health"},{"key":"key-10.7189\/jogh.15.04089-202507111200-R36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.4103\/0976-9668.149069","article-title":"Prevalence of acute respiratory infection among under-five children in urban and rural areas of puducherry, India.","volume":"6","author":"Kumar","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Nat Sci Biol Med"},{"key":"key-10.7189\/jogh.15.04089-202507111200-R37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"010408","DOI":"10.7189\/jogh.06.010408","article-title":"Cost of management of severe pneumonia in young children: systematic analysis.","volume":"6","author":"Zhang","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Glob Health"},{"key":"key-10.7189\/jogh.15.04089-202507111200-R38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1186\/1478-7547-7-16","article-title":"Estimating average inpatient and outpatient costs and childhood pneumonia and diarrhoea treatment costs in an urban health centre in Zambia.","volume":"7","author":"Chola","year":"2009","journal-title":"Cost Eff Resour Alloc"},{"key":"key-10.7189\/jogh.15.04089-202507111200-R39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"010409","DOI":"10.7189\/jogh.07.010409","article-title":"Cost-effectiveness analysis of revised WHO guidelines for management of childhood pneumonia in 74 Countdown countries.","volume":"7","author":"Zhang","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Glob Health"},{"key":"key-10.7189\/jogh.15.04089-202507111200-R40","unstructured":"World Health Organization. Hospital care for children: Guidelines for the management of common illnesses with limited resources. Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization; 2005. Available: https:\/\/iris.who.int\/bitstream\/handle\/10665\/81170\/9789241548373_eng.pdf?sequence=1. Accessed: 5 May 2025."},{"key":"key-10.7189\/jogh.15.04089-202507111200-R41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1315","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-3156.2009.02374.x","article-title":"Costing of severe pneumonia in hospitalized infants and children aged 2-36 months, at a secondary and tertiary level hospital of a not-for-profit organization.","volume":"14","author":"Madsen","year":"2009","journal-title":"Trop Med Int Health"},{"key":"key-10.7189\/jogh.15.04089-202507111200-R42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"330","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-015-1685-6","article-title":"The cost of acute respiratory infections in Northern India: a multi-site study.","volume":"15","author":"Peasah","year":"2015","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"key":"key-10.7189\/jogh.15.04089-202507111200-R43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"438","DOI":"10.1093\/heapol\/czn033","article-title":"Economic analysis of childhood pneumonia in Northern Pakistan.","volume":"23","author":"Hussain","year":"2008","journal-title":"Health Policy Plan"},{"key":"key-10.7189\/jogh.15.04089-202507111200-R44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1583","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(04)17311-X","article-title":"Effectiveness and cost of facility-based Integrated Management of Childhood Illness (IMCI) in Tanzania.","volume":"364","author":"Armstrong Schellenberg","year":"2004","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"key-10.7189\/jogh.15.04089-202507111200-R45","first-page":"509","article-title":"Improving antimicrobial use among health workers in first-level facilities: results from the multi-country evaluation of the Integrated Management of Childhood Illness strategy.","volume":"82","author":"Gouws","year":"2004","journal-title":"Bull World Health Organ"},{"key":"key-10.7189\/jogh.15.04089-202507111200-R46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2426","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(24)00876-6","article-title":"The scope of the antimicrobial resistance challenge.","volume":"403","author":"Okeke","year":"2024","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"key-10.7189\/jogh.15.04089-202507111200-R47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"629","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(21)02724-0","article-title":"Global burden of bacterial antimicrobial resistance in 2019: a systematic analysis.","volume":"399","author":"Antimicrobial Resistance Collaborators","year":"2022","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"key-10.7189\/jogh.15.04089-202507111200-R48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e33","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(17)30467-X","article-title":"Antimicrobial resistance among children in sub-Saharan Africa.","volume":"18","author":"Williams","year":"2018","journal-title":"Lancet Infect Dis"},{"key":"key-10.7189\/jogh.15.04089-202507111200-R49","unstructured":"World Health Organization. The WHO AWaRe (Access, Watch, Reserve) antibiotic book. Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization; 2022. Available: https:\/\/www.who.int\/publications\/i\/item\/9789240062382. Accessed: 5 May 2025."},{"key":"key-10.7189\/jogh.15.04089-202507111200-R50","unstructured":"World Health Organization. WHO Model list of essential medicines for children - 9th list. Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization; 2023. Available: https:\/\/www.who.int\/publications\/i\/item\/WHO-MHP-HPS-EML-2023.03. Accessed: 5 May 2025."},{"key":"key-10.7189\/jogh.15.04089-202507111200-R51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"228","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(10)61458-4","article-title":"Burden of endemic health-care-associated infection in developing countries: systematic review and meta-analysis.","volume":"377","author":"Allegranzi","year":"2011","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"key-10.7189\/jogh.15.04089-202507111200-R52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1495","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajic.2016.08.007","article-title":"International Nosocomial Infection Control Consortium report, data summary of 50 countries for 2010-2015: Device-associated module.","volume":"44","author":"Rosenthal","year":"2016","journal-title":"Am J Infect Control"},{"key":"key-10.7189\/jogh.15.04089-202507111200-R53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e619","DOI":"10.1016\/S2214-109X(18)30186-4","article-title":"Antimicrobial consumption and resistance in adult hospital inpatients in 53 countries: results of an internet-based global point prevalence survey.","volume":"6","author":"Versporten","year":"2018","journal-title":"Lancet Glob Health"},{"key":"key-10.7189\/jogh.15.04089-202507111200-R54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1004178","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1004178","article-title":"Global incidence in hospital-associated infections resistant to antibiotics: An analysis of point prevalence surveys from 99 countries.","volume":"20","author":"Balasubramanian","year":"2023","journal-title":"PLoS Med"}],"container-title":["Journal of Global Health"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/jogh.org\/2025\/jogh-15-04089","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,11]],"date-time":"2025-07-11T12:30:19Z","timestamp":1752237019000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/jogh.org\/2025\/jogh-15-04089"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,11]]},"references-count":54,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7189\/jogh.15.04089","relation":{},"ISSN":["2047-2978","2047-2986"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2047-2978","type":"print"},{"value":"2047-2986","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,11]]},"article-number":"04089"}}