{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T05:57:30Z","timestamp":1787032650062,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"International Society of Global Health","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J Glob Health"],"DOI":"10.7189\/jogh.16.04139","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,12]],"date-time":"2026-06-12T08:09:39Z","timestamp":1781251779000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Outpatient management of children with chest indrawing pneumonia in primary healthcare settings in Punjab, Pakistan: a prospective cohort study"],"prefix":"10.7189","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Zamir Hussain","family":"Suhag","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Trust for Vaccines & Immunization, Research Department, Karachi, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Noorulain Altaf","family":"Khuwaja","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Trust for Vaccines & Immunization, Research Department, Karachi, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ashlesha","family":"Pal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Trust for Vaccines & Immunization, Research Department, Karachi, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Muhammad","family":"Naeem","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, The Aga Khan University, Karachi, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Asad Raza","family":"Naqvi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Trust for Vaccines & Immunization, Research Department, Karachi, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shamim Ahmad","family":"Qazi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Independent Consultant, Geneva, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yasir Bin","family":"Nisar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Sexual, Reproductive, Maternal, Child, Adolescent, and Ageing Health, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"4223","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"key-10.7189\/jogh.16.04139-202606111858-R1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1181409","DOI":"10.1155\/2022\/1181409","article-title":"A systematic review of factors associated with under-five child mortality.","volume":"2022","author":"Bhusal","year":"2022","journal-title":"BioMed Res Int"},{"key":"key-10.7189\/jogh.16.04139-202606111858-R2","unstructured":"World Health Organization. Millennium Development Goals (MDGs). Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization; 2018. Available: https:\/\/www.who.int\/news-room\/fact-sheets\/detail\/millennium-development-goals-%28mdgs%29. Accessed: 12 June 2025."},{"key":"key-10.7189\/jogh.16.04139-202606111858-R3","unstructured":"United Nations Inter-Agency Group for Child Mortality Estimation. Levels and trends in child mortality: Report 2015. New York, USA: United Nations Children\u2019s Fund; 2015. Available: https:\/\/www.un.org\/development\/desa\/pd\/sites\/www.un.org.development.desa.pd\/files\/un-igme-child-mortality-report-2015.pdf. Accessed: 12 June 2025."},{"key":"key-10.7189\/jogh.16.04139-202606111858-R4","unstructured":"United Nations Inter-Agency Group for Child Mortality Estimation. Levels and trends in child mortality: Report 2024 \u2013 estimates developed by the United Nations Inter-Agency Group for Child Mortality Estimation. New York, USA: United Nations Children\u2019s Fund; 2024. Available: https:\/\/childmortality.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/03\/UNIGME-2024-Child-Mortality-Report.pdf. Accessed: 11 November 2025."},{"key":"key-10.7189\/jogh.16.04139-202606111858-R5","unstructured":"World Health Organization. SDG target 3.2: by 2030, end preventable deaths of newborns and children under 5 years of age. 2025. Available: https:\/\/www.who.int\/data\/gho\/data\/themes\/topics\/indicator-groups\/indicator-group-details\/GHO\/sdg-target-3.2-newborn-and-child-mortality. Accessed: 12 June 2025."},{"key":"key-10.7189\/jogh.16.04139-202606111858-R6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e195","DOI":"10.1016\/S2214-109X(21)00515-5","article-title":"Global, regional, and national trends in under-5 mortality between 1990 and 2019 with scenario-based projections until 2030: a systematic analysis by the UN Inter-agency Group for Child Mortality Estimation.","volume":"10","author":"Sharrow","year":"2022","journal-title":"Lancet Glob Health"},{"key":"key-10.7189\/jogh.16.04139-202606111858-R7","unstructured":"The United Nations International Children\u2019s Emergency Fund. Pneumonia. 2024. Available: https:\/\/data.unicef.org\/topic\/child-health\/pneumonia\/. Accessed: 5 May 2025."},{"key":"key-10.7189\/jogh.16.04139-202606111858-R8","unstructured":"The United Nations International Children\u2019s Emergency Fund. UNICEF Data: Pakistan. 2019. Available: https:\/\/data.unicef.org\/country\/pak\/. Accessed: 5 May 2025."},{"key":"key-10.7189\/jogh.16.04139-202606111858-R9","unstructured":"World Health Organization. Recommendations for management of common childhood conditions: evidence for technical update of pocket book recommendations: newborn conditions, dysentery, pneumonia, oxygen use and delivery, common causes of fever, severe acute malnutrition and supportive care. Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization; 2012. Available: https:\/\/iris.who.int\/server\/api\/core\/bitstreams\/b9f75861-794a-46f2-bf57-e6022a64426f\/content. Accessed: 5 May 2025."},{"key":"key-10.7189\/jogh.16.04139-202606111858-R10","unstructured":"World Health Organization. Pocket book of hospital care for children: guidelines for the management of common childhood illnesses. 2nd ed. Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization; 2013. Available: https:\/\/www.who.int\/publications\/i\/item\/978-92-4-154837-3. Accessed: 5 May 2025."},{"key":"key-10.7189\/jogh.16.04139-202606111858-R11","unstructured":"World Health Organization. Integrated management of childhood illness: chart booklet. Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization; 2014. Available: https:\/\/www.who.int\/maternal_child_adolescent\/documents\/IMCI_chartbooklet\/en\/. Accessed: 5 May 2025."},{"key":"key-10.7189\/jogh.16.04139-202606111858-R12","unstructured":"Government of Pakistan, World Health Organization, United Nations Children\u2019s Fund. Integrated management of childhood illness: chart booklet. Islamabad, Pakistan: Government of Pakistan; 2019. Available: https:\/\/sites.pitt.edu\/~super1\/Pirzado\/Chartbooklet%202019%20Pakistan.pdf. Accessed: 5 May 2025."},{"key":"key-10.7189\/jogh.16.04139-202606111858-R13","unstructured":"World Health Organization. Sexual, reproductive, maternal, newborn, child and adolescent health policy survey 2018\u20132019: report. Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization; 2020. Available: https:\/\/iris.who.int\/handle\/10665\/331891. Accessed: 5 May 2025."},{"key":"key-10.7189\/jogh.16.04139-202606111858-R14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e8","DOI":"10.1016\/S2214-109X(17)30468-0","article-title":"Problems with the WHO guidelines for management of childhood pneumonia.","volume":"6","author":"Mulholland","year":"2018","journal-title":"Lancet Glob Health"},{"key":"key-10.7189\/jogh.16.04139-202606111858-R15","unstructured":"World Health Organization. Exploratory meeting to review new evidence for integrated management of childhood illness danger signs, Geneva, Switzerland, 4\u20135 September 2018. Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization; 2019. Available: https:\/\/apps.who.int\/iris\/handle\/10665\/326100. Accessed: 5 May 2025."},{"key":"key-10.7189\/jogh.16.04139-202606111858-R16","unstructured":"The DHS Program. Service provision assessment (SPA) survey overview. Rockville, MD, USA: ICF International; 2014. Available: https:\/\/dhsprogram.com\/What-We-Do\/Survey-Types\/SPA.cfm. Accessed: 12 June 2025."},{"key":"key-10.7189\/jogh.16.04139-202606111858-R17","unstructured":"World Health Organization. Service availability and readiness assessment (SARA): reference manual. Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization; 2015. Available: https:\/\/www.who.int\/data\/data-collection-tools\/sara. Accessed: 12 June 2025."},{"key":"key-10.7189\/jogh.16.04139-202606111858-R18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1002486","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1002486","article-title":"The WHO 2016 verbal autopsy instrument: an international standard suitable for automated analysis by InterVA, InSilicoVA, and Tariff 2.0.","volume":"15","author":"Nichols","year":"2018","journal-title":"PLoS Med"},{"key":"key-10.7189\/jogh.16.04139-202606111858-R19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e084350","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2024-084350","article-title":"Understanding the outcome and management of children aged 2\u201359 months with chest indrawing pneumonia: a study protocol for an observational study in Ethiopia, India, Nigeria, Pakistan, Uganda and Zambia.","volume":"14","author":"Cipam Study Group CIPM","year":"2024","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"key":"key-10.7189\/jogh.16.04139-202606111858-R20","unstructured":"World Health Organization. WHO child growth standards. Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization; 2006. Available: https:\/\/www.who.int\/publications\/i\/item\/924154693X. Accessed: 17 May 2025."},{"key":"key-10.7189\/jogh.16.04139-202606111858-R21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"04096","DOI":"10.7189\/jogh.15.04096","article-title":"Outcome and management of children with chest indrawing pneumonia at primary health care settings in Pakistan: an observational cohort study.","volume":"15","author":"Suhag","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Glob Health"},{"key":"key-10.7189\/jogh.16.04139-202606111858-R22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"04217","DOI":"10.7189\/jogh.15.04217","article-title":"Management and outcomes of chest-indrawing pneumonia among children aged 2-59 months in a programme setting in Ethiopia: a prospective observational study.","volume":"15","author":"Tigabu","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Glob Health"},{"key":"key-10.7189\/jogh.16.04139-202606111858-R23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"04089","DOI":"10.7189\/jogh.15.04089","article-title":"Outcomes of children aged 2\u201359 months with chest indrawing pneumonia managed on an outpatient basis in selected primary health facilities in Zambia.","volume":"15","author":"Jacobs","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Glob Health"},{"key":"key-10.7189\/jogh.16.04139-202606111858-R24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1093\/tropej\/fmy013","article-title":"Safety, effectiveness and feasibility of outpatient management of children with pneumonia with chest indrawing at Port Moresby General Hospital, Papua New Guinea.","volume":"65","author":"Morre","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Trop Pediatr"},{"key":"key-10.7189\/jogh.16.04139-202606111858-R25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"995","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-3156.2011.02787.x","article-title":"Outpatient treatment of children with severe pneumonia with oral amoxicillin in four countries: the MASS study.","volume":"16","author":"Addo-Yobo","year":"2011","journal-title":"Trop Med Int Health"},{"key":"key-10.7189\/jogh.16.04139-202606111858-R26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1111\/apa.14405","article-title":"Community case management of lower chest indrawing pneumonia with oral amoxicillin in children in Kenya.","volume":"107","author":"Onono","year":"2018","journal-title":"Acta Paediatr"},{"key":"key-10.7189\/jogh.16.04139-202606111858-R27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1796","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(11)61140-9","article-title":"Community case management of severe pneumonia with oral amoxicillin in children aged 2-59 months in Haripur district, Pakistan: a cluster randomised trial.","volume":"378","author":"Bari","year":"2011","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"key-10.7189\/jogh.16.04139-202606111858-R28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"729","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(11)61714-5","article-title":"Effectiveness of community case management of severe pneumonia with oral amoxicillin in children aged 2\u201359 months in Matiari district, rural Pakistan: a cluster-randomised controlled trial.","volume":"379","author":"Soofi","year":"2012","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"key-10.7189\/jogh.16.04139-202606111858-R29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e006405","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjgh-2021-006405","article-title":"Innovative, enhanced community management of non-hypoxaemic chest indrawing pneumonia in 2-59-month-old children: a cluster-randomised trial in Africa and Asia.","volume":"7","author":"EMPIC Study Group","year":"2022","journal-title":"BMJ Glob Health"},{"key":"key-10.7189\/jogh.16.04139-202606111858-R30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e03786","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2020.e03786","article-title":"Acceptability, adherence and clinical outcomes of amoxicillin dispersible tablets versus oral suspension in treatment of children aged 2\u201359 months with pneumonia in Kenya: a cluster randomised controlled trial.","volume":"6","author":"Angwa","year":"2020","journal-title":"Heliyon"},{"key":"key-10.7189\/jogh.16.04139-202606111858-R31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e52","DOI":"10.26633\/RPSP.2023.52","article-title":"Adherence to guidelines on the use of amoxicillin for treatment of ambulatory pneumonia in children younger than 5 years, Colombia, 2017\u20132019.","volume":"47","author":"Moyano Ariza","year":"2023","journal-title":"Rev Panam Salud Publica"},{"key":"key-10.7189\/jogh.16.04139-202606111858-R32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"103839","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bjid.2024.103839","article-title":"Evaluation of children\u2019s antibiotic use for outpatient pneumonia treatment in Vietnam.","volume":"28","author":"Thi","year":"2024","journal-title":"Braz J Infect Dis"},{"key":"key-10.7189\/jogh.16.04139-202606111858-R33","unstructured":"World Health Organization. The WHO AWaRe (Access, Watch, Reserve) antibiotic book: Practical advice for antibiotic use in common bacterial infections. Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization; 2022. Available: https:\/\/www.who.int\/publications\/i\/item\/9789240062382. Accessed: 5 May 2025."},{"key":"key-10.7189\/jogh.16.04139-202606111858-R34","unstructured":"World Health Organization. Global antimicrobial resistance surveillance system (GLASS) report: early implementation 2017\u20132018. Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization; 2018. Available: https:\/\/iris.who.int\/bitstream\/handle\/10665\/277175\/WHO-WSI-AMR-2018.4-eng.pdf. Accessed: 13 March 2025."},{"key":"key-10.7189\/jogh.16.04139-202606111858-R35","first-page":"679","article-title":"Antibiotic use targets in national action plans: sustainability and overlooked resistance drivers.","volume":"100","author":"Sulis","year":"2022","journal-title":"Bull World Health Organ"},{"key":"key-10.7189\/jogh.16.04139-202606111858-R36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e861","DOI":"10.1016\/S2214-109X(19)30071-3","article-title":"Use of the WHO Access, Watch, and Reserve classification to define patterns of hospital antibiotic use (AWaRe): an analysis of paediatric survey data from 56 countries.","volume":"7","author":"Hsia","year":"2019","journal-title":"Lancet Glob Health"},{"key":"key-10.7189\/jogh.16.04139-202606111858-R37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.1002\/hpm.847","article-title":"The cost of treatment for child pneumonias and meningitis in the Northern Areas of Pakistan.","volume":"21","author":"Hussain","year":"2006","journal-title":"Int J Health Plann Manage"},{"key":"key-10.7189\/jogh.16.04139-202606111858-R38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2012.12-0242","article-title":"Ibad-ul-Haq, Qazi S. Household costs for treatment of severe pneumonia in Pakistan.","volume":"87","author":"Sadruddin","year":"2012","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"key-10.7189\/jogh.16.04139-202606111858-R39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"438","DOI":"10.1093\/heapol\/czn033","article-title":"Economic analysis of childhood pneumonia in Northern Pakistan.","volume":"23","author":"Hussain","year":"2008","journal-title":"Health Policy Plan"},{"key":"key-10.7189\/jogh.16.04139-202606111858-R40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"010409","DOI":"10.7189\/jogh.07.010409","article-title":"Cost-effectiveness analysis of revised WHO guidelines for management of childhood pneumonia in 74 Countdown countries.","volume":"7","author":"Zhang","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Glob Health"},{"key":"key-10.7189\/jogh.16.04139-202606111858-R41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e25","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/cir531","article-title":"The management of community-acquired pneumonia in infants and children older than 3 months of age: clinical practice guidelines by the Pediatric Infectious Diseases Society and the Infectious Diseases Society of America.","volume":"53","author":"Bradley","year":"2011","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"key-10.7189\/jogh.16.04139-202606111858-R42","unstructured":"National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Pneumonia in adults and children: diagnosis and management. NICE guideline [NG138]. London, UK: National Institute for Health and Care Excellence; 2019. Available: https:\/\/www.nice.org.uk\/guidance\/ng138. Accessed: 22 July 2025."},{"key":"key-10.7189\/jogh.16.04139-202606111858-R43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1034","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.18-0656","article-title":"A community-based survey on healthcare utilisation for pneumonia in children in peri-urban slums of Karachi, Pakistan.","volume":"101","author":"Kerai","year":"2019","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"key-10.7189\/jogh.16.04139-202606111858-R44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"228","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(10)61458-4","article-title":"Burden of endemic health-care-associated infection in developing countries: systematic review and meta-analysis.","volume":"377","author":"Allegranzi","year":"2011","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"key-10.7189\/jogh.16.04139-202606111858-R45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1495","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajic.2016.08.007","article-title":"International Nosocomial Infection Control Consortium report, data summary of 50 countries for 2010\u20132015: device-associated module.","volume":"44","author":"Rosenthal","year":"2016","journal-title":"Am J Infect Control"},{"key":"key-10.7189\/jogh.16.04139-202606111858-R46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"629","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(21)02724-0","article-title":"Global burden of bacterial antimicrobial resistance in 2019: a systematic analysis.","volume":"399","author":"Antimicrobial Resistance Collaborators","year":"2022","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"key-10.7189\/jogh.16.04139-202606111858-R47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1912400","article-title":"Amoxicillin for 3 or 5 days for chest-indrawing pneumonia in Malawian children.","volume":"383","author":"Ginsburg","year":"2020","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"key-10.7189\/jogh.16.04139-202606111858-R48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1216","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciu1166","article-title":"Oral amoxicillin versus benzyl penicillin for severe pneumonia among Kenyan children: a pragmatic randomised controlled non-inferiority trial.","volume":"60","author":"Agweyu","year":"2015","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"key-10.7189\/jogh.16.04139-202606111858-R49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1186\/s12960-022-00755-8","article-title":"Stockouts of essential medicines among community health workers (CHWs) in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs): a systematic literature review of the extent, reasons and consequences.","volume":"20","author":"Olaniran","year":"2022","journal-title":"Hum Resour Health"},{"key":"key-10.7189\/jogh.16.04139-202606111858-R50","first-page":"S763","article-title":"Availability and storage conditions of essential medicines at primary healthcare facilities in Punjab, Pakistan.","volume":"33","author":"Hussain","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Ayub Med Coll Abbottabad"}],"container-title":["Journal of Global Health"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/jogh.org\/2026\/jogh-16-04139","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,12]],"date-time":"2026-06-12T08:10:00Z","timestamp":1781251800000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/jogh.org\/2026\/jogh-16-04139"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,12]]},"references-count":50,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7189\/jogh.16.04139","relation":{},"ISSN":["2047-2978","2047-2986"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2047-2978","type":"print"},{"value":"2047-2986","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,12]]},"article-number":"04139"}}