{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,4]],"date-time":"2026-05-04T04:50:49Z","timestamp":1777870249933,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":52,"publisher":"International Society of Global Health","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J Glob Health"],"DOI":"10.7189\/jogh.16.04144","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,30]],"date-time":"2026-04-30T15:42:24Z","timestamp":1777563744000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["The relationship between alcohol consumption, social distancing, and crime rates: insights from the COVID-19 pandemic"],"prefix":"10.7189","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Agnus M","family":"Kim","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Preventive Medicine, Hanyang University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jin-Seok","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Health Policy and Management, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea"},{"name":"Medical Research Center, Institute of Health Policy and Management, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Doojin","family":"Ryu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Economics, Sungkyunkwan University, Seoul, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"4223","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"key-10.7189\/jogh.16.04144-202604301209-R1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"459","DOI":"10.1007\/s00213-012-2664-6","article-title":"Alcohol affects the emotional modulation of cognitive control: an event-related brain potential study.","volume":"222","author":"Euser","year":"2012","journal-title":"Psychopharmacology (Berl)"},{"key":"key-10.7189\/jogh.16.04144-202604301209-R2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"400","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn3042","article-title":"Cognitive and neurobiological mechanisms of alcohol-related aggression.","volume":"12","author":"Heinz","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nat Rev Neurosci"},{"key":"key-10.7189\/jogh.16.04144-202604301209-R3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1065","DOI":"10.3109\/10826089009058873","article-title":"Alcohol and crimes of violence: present issues.","volume":"25","author":"Murdoch","year":"1990","journal-title":"Int J Addict"},{"key":"key-10.7189\/jogh.16.04144-202604301209-R4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"643","DOI":"10.3346\/jkms.2013.28.5.643","article-title":"The relationship of alcohol and crime in Korea.","volume":"28","author":"Lee","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Korean Med Sci"},{"key":"key-10.7189\/jogh.16.04144-202604301209-R5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2021","DOI":"10.1111\/add.15002","article-title":"Evaluating the causal impact of individual alcohol licensing decisions on local health and crime using natural experiments with synthetic controls.","volume":"115","author":"de Vocht","year":"2020","journal-title":"Addiction"},{"key":"key-10.7189\/jogh.16.04144-202604301209-R6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Carpenter C, Dobkin C. Alcohol regulation and crime. In: Cook PJ, Ludwig J, McCrary J, editors. Controlling crime: Strategies and tradeoffs. Chicago, USA: University of Chicago Press; 2011. p. 291\u2013329.","DOI":"10.7208\/chicago\/9780226115139.003.0007"},{"key":"key-10.7189\/jogh.16.04144-202604301209-R7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"274","DOI":"10.1007\/s12103-023-09746-4","article-title":"The impact of COVID-19 on crime: a systematic review.","volume":"49","author":"Hoeboer","year":"2024","journal-title":"Am J Crim Justice"},{"key":"key-10.7189\/jogh.16.04144-202604301209-R8","unstructured":"Korean Institute of Criminology and Justice. Changes in crime patterns after the COVID-19 pandemic. 2021. Available: https:\/\/www.kicj.re.kr\/board.es?mid=a20201000000&bid=0029&list_no=12673&act=view. Accessed: 14 March 2026."},{"key":"key-10.7189\/jogh.16.04144-202604301209-R9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"249","DOI":"10.1086\/713787","article-title":"COVID-19 and Crime: Effects of Stay-at-Home Orders on Domestic Violence.","volume":"7","author":"Bullinger","year":"2021","journal-title":"Am J Health Econ"},{"key":"key-10.7189\/jogh.16.04144-202604301209-R10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101806","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcrimjus.2021.101806","article-title":"Domestic violence during the COVID-19 pandemic - Evidence from a systematic review and meta-analysis.","volume":"74","author":"Piquero","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Crim Justice"},{"key":"key-10.7189\/jogh.16.04144-202604301209-R11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ivandi\u0107 R, Kirchmaier T, Linton B. Changing patterns of domestic abuse during Covid-19 lockdown. London, UK: Centre for Economic Performance; 2020. Available: https:\/\/cep.lse.ac.uk\/pubs\/download\/dp1729.pdf?utm_source=consensus -> https:\/\/cep.lse.ac.uk\/pubs\/download\/dp1729.pdf. Accessed: 14 March 2026.","DOI":"10.2139\/ssrn.3686873"},{"key":"key-10.7189\/jogh.16.04144-202604301209-R12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"537","DOI":"10.1007\/s12103-020-09551-3","article-title":"Has COVID-19 Changed Crime? Crime Rates in the United States during the Pandemic.","volume":"45","author":"Boman","year":"2020","journal-title":"Am J Crim Justice"},{"key":"key-10.7189\/jogh.16.04144-202604301209-R13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"419","DOI":"10.1007\/s12024-021-00370-4","article-title":"Geographic variability in homicide rates following the COVID-19 pandemic.","volume":"17","author":"Byard","year":"2021","journal-title":"Forensic Sci Med Pathol"},{"key":"key-10.7189\/jogh.16.04144-202604301209-R14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1080\/2330443X.2022.2071369","article-title":"Changes in Crime Rates during the COVID-19 Pandemic.","volume":"9","author":"Meyer","year":"2022","journal-title":"Stat Public Policy (Phila)"},{"key":"key-10.7189\/jogh.16.04144-202604301209-R15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"546","DOI":"10.1007\/s12103-020-09534-4","article-title":"Cybercrime in America amid COVID-19: the Initial Results from a Natural Experiment.","volume":"45","author":"Hawdon","year":"2020","journal-title":"Am J Crim Justice"},{"key":"key-10.7189\/jogh.16.04144-202604301209-R16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102248","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cose.2021.102248","article-title":"Cyber security in the age of COVID-19: A timeline and analysis of cyber-crime and cyber-attacks during the pandemic.","volume":"105","author":"Lallie","year":"2021","journal-title":"Comput Secur"},{"key":"key-10.7189\/jogh.16.04144-202604301209-R17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"324","DOI":"10.1049\/ise2.12073","article-title":"The COVID-19 scamdemic: A survey of phishing attacks and their countermeasures during COVID-19.","volume":"16","author":"Al-Qahtani","year":"2022","journal-title":"IET Inf Secur"},{"key":"key-10.7189\/jogh.16.04144-202604301209-R18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1057\/s41599-023-01560-x","article-title":"Exploring the global geography of cybercrime and its driving forces.","volume":"10","author":"Chen","year":"2023","journal-title":"Humanit Soc Sci Commun"},{"key":"key-10.7189\/jogh.16.04144-202604301209-R19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"868","DOI":"10.1038\/s41562-021-01139-z","article-title":"A global analysis of the impact of COVID-19 stay-at-home restrictions on crime.","volume":"5","author":"Nivette","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat Hum Behav"},{"key":"key-10.7189\/jogh.16.04144-202604301209-R20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"104344","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpubeco.2020.104344","article-title":"COVID and crime: An early empirical look.","volume":"194","author":"Abrams","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Public Econ"},{"key":"key-10.7189\/jogh.16.04144-202604301209-R21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1186\/s40163-020-00121-w","article-title":"Crime and coronavirus: social distancing, lockdown, and the mobility elasticity of crime.","volume":"9","author":"Halford","year":"2020","journal-title":"Crime Sci"},{"key":"key-10.7189\/jogh.16.04144-202604301209-R22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"704","DOI":"10.1007\/s12103-020-09578-6","article-title":"Exploring the immediate effects of COVID-19 containment policies on crime: an empirical analysis of the short-term aftermath in Los Angeles.","volume":"46","author":"Campedelli","year":"2021","journal-title":"Am J Crim Justice"},{"key":"key-10.7189\/jogh.16.04144-202604301209-R23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"947","DOI":"10.1111\/1745-9133.12686","article-title":"Situational crime prevention as a harm mitigation policy for active shooter incidents.","volume":"23","author":"Greene-Colozzi","year":"2024","journal-title":"Criminol Public Policy"},{"key":"key-10.7189\/jogh.16.04144-202604301209-R24","unstructured":"International Alliance for Responsible Drinking. Alcohol sales declined by 6% globally during pandemic. 2021. Available: http:\/\/iardwebprod.azurewebsites.net\/press\/18%20May. Accessed: 14 March 2026."},{"key":"key-10.7189\/jogh.16.04144-202604301209-R25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100397","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijgfs.2021.100397","article-title":"Trends in alcohol consumption in relation to the COVID-19 pandemic: A cross-country analysis.","volume":"27","author":"Plata","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int J Gastron Food Sci"},{"key":"key-10.7189\/jogh.16.04144-202604301209-R26","first-page":"579","article-title":"Relationships of both Heavy and Binge Alcohol Drinking with Unhealthy Habits in Korean Adults Based on the KNHANES IV Data.","volume":"43","author":"Kim","year":"2014","journal-title":"Iran J Public Health"},{"key":"key-10.7189\/jogh.16.04144-202604301209-R27","unstructured":"World Bank. Total alcohol consumption per capita (liters of pure alcohol, projected estimates, 15+ years of age). 2019. Available: https:\/\/data.worldbank.org\/indicator\/SH.ALC.PCAP.LI. Accessed: 25 February 2026."},{"key":"key-10.7189\/jogh.16.04144-202604301209-R28","first-page":"21","article-title":"[Socioeconomic costs of alcohol drinking in Korea].","volume":"39","author":"Chung","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Prev Med Public Health"},{"key":"key-10.7189\/jogh.16.04144-202604301209-R29","unstructured":"Korean Statistical Information Service. Crime statistics. 2022. Available: http:\/\/kosis.kr\/statHtml\/statHtml.do?orgId=132&tblId=DT_13204_4108&conn_path=I3. Accessed: 14 March 2026."},{"key":"key-10.7189\/jogh.16.04144-202604301209-R30","unstructured":"Supreme Prosecutors\u2019 Office of the Republic of Korea. Crime Analysis Statistics: Statistical Information Report. Seoul, Korea: SPO; 2024. Available: https:\/\/www.k-stat.go.kr\/comb100\/file-download?fileDnKey=gqY9ZtMdB8R4Batxkocj4Tri8c0AOAub6dII4vClhDI%3D. Accessed: 14 March 2026."},{"key":"key-10.7189\/jogh.16.04144-202604301209-R31","unstructured":"Korean Statistical Information Service. Unemployment rate. 2023. Available: https:\/\/kosis.kr\/statHtml\/statHtml.do?orgId=101&tblId=DT_2KAA335. Accessed: 14 March 2026."},{"key":"key-10.7189\/jogh.16.04144-202604301209-R32","unstructured":"Korean Film Council. Monthly number of movie audience and sales. 2023. Available: https:\/\/www.kobis.or.kr\/kobis\/business\/stat\/them\/findMonthlyTotalList.do. Accessed: 14 March 2026."},{"key":"key-10.7189\/jogh.16.04144-202604301209-R33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"114663","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2022.114663","article-title":"The impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on suicides: A population study.","volume":"314","author":"Kim","year":"2022","journal-title":"Psychiatry Res"},{"key":"key-10.7189\/jogh.16.04144-202604301209-R34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1007\/s11129-020-09230-x","article-title":"The impact of social distancing on box-office revenue: Evidence from the COVID-19 pandemic.","volume":"19","author":"Kim","year":"2021","journal-title":"Quant Mark Econ"},{"key":"key-10.7189\/jogh.16.04144-202604301209-R35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"806","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.39335.541782.AD","article-title":"Strengthening the Reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology (STROBE) statement: guidelines for reporting observational studies.","volume":"335","author":"von Elm","year":"2007","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"key-10.7189\/jogh.16.04144-202604301209-R36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1016\/j.alcohol.2024.03.012","article-title":"The decrease in alcohol consumption and suicide rate during the COVID-19 pandemic and their association.","volume":"121","author":"Kim","year":"2024","journal-title":"Alcohol"},{"key":"key-10.7189\/jogh.16.04144-202604301209-R37","unstructured":"Biddle N, Edwards B, Gray M, Sollis K. Alcohol consumption during the COVID-19 period: May 2020. Canberra, Australia: Australian National University Centre for Social Research & Methods; 2020. Available: https:\/\/polis.cass.anu.edu.au\/files\/docs\/2025\/6\/Alcohol_consumption_during_the_COVID-19_period.pdf. Accessed: 14 March 2026."},{"key":"key-10.7189\/jogh.16.04144-202604301209-R38","first-page":"11782218211061140","article-title":"Factors Associated With Increased Alcohol Consumption During Physical and Social Distancing Measures During the COVID-19 Pandemic in a University in Brazil.","volume":"16","author":"Baptista","year":"2022","journal-title":"Substance Abuse"},{"key":"key-10.7189\/jogh.16.04144-202604301209-R39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"158","DOI":"10.1080\/08897077.2020.1856293","article-title":"Alcohol sales during COVID-19 social restrictions: initial evidence from Alcoholic Beverage Control states.","volume":"42","author":"Morton","year":"2021","journal-title":"Substance Abuse"},{"key":"key-10.7189\/jogh.16.04144-202604301209-R40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"341","DOI":"10.1097\/ADM.0000000000000767","article-title":"Alcohol Consumption in Response to the COVID-19 Pandemic in the United States.","volume":"15","author":"Barbosa","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Addict Med"},{"key":"key-10.7189\/jogh.16.04144-202604301209-R41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3369","DOI":"10.1111\/add.15530","article-title":"Alcohol consumption during the COVID-19 pandemic in Europe: a large-scale cross-sectional study in 21 countries.","volume":"116","author":"Kilian","year":"2021","journal-title":"Addiction"},{"key":"key-10.7189\/jogh.16.04144-202604301209-R42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1892","DOI":"10.1002\/mpr.1892","article-title":"Measuring changes in alcohol use in Finland and Norway during the COVID-19 pandemic: Comparison between data sources.","volume":"30","author":"M\u00e4kel\u00e4","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int J Methods Psychiatr Res"},{"key":"key-10.7189\/jogh.16.04144-202604301209-R43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10547","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph181910547","article-title":"Changes in Alcohol Consumption during the COVID-19 Pandemic Are Dependent on Initial Consumption Level: Findings from Eight European Countries.","volume":"18","author":"Rossow","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health"},{"key":"key-10.7189\/jogh.16.04144-202604301209-R44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"104344","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodqual.2021.104344","article-title":"How has COVID-19, lockdown and social distancing changed alcohol drinking patterns? A cross-cultural perspective between britons and spaniards.","volume":"95","author":"Rodrigues","year":"2022","journal-title":"Food Qual Prefer"},{"key":"key-10.7189\/jogh.16.04144-202604301209-R45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"933814","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2022.933814","article-title":"Alcohol use and misuse among Chinese psychiatrists during the early COVID-19 pandemic.","volume":"13","author":"Mo","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Psychiatry"},{"key":"key-10.7189\/jogh.16.04144-202604301209-R46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1360-0443.2005.01293.x","article-title":"The role of alcohol and drugs in triggering criminal violence: a case-crossover study.","volume":"101","author":"Hagg\u00e5rd-Grann","year":"2006","journal-title":"Addiction"},{"key":"key-10.7189\/jogh.16.04144-202604301209-R47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-2909.120.1.60","article-title":"Alcohol and aggression: a meta-analysis on the moderating effects of inhibitory cues, triggering events, and self-focused attention.","volume":"120","author":"Ito","year":"1996","journal-title":"Psychol Bull"},{"key":"key-10.7189\/jogh.16.04144-202604301209-R48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"689","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1360-0443.1998.9356895.x","article-title":"Effects on criminal violence of different beverage types and private and public drinking.","volume":"93","author":"Norstr\u00f6m","year":"1998","journal-title":"Addiction"},{"key":"key-10.7189\/jogh.16.04144-202604301209-R49","unstructured":"Bureau of Justice Statistics. National crime victimization survey (NCVS). 2024. Available: https:\/\/bjs.ojp.gov\/data-collection\/ncvs. Accessed: 14 March 2026."},{"key":"key-10.7189\/jogh.16.04144-202604301209-R50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.1093\/bjc\/azaf045","article-title":"Alcohol and violence: Isolating the impact of the off-trade.","volume":"65","author":"Lightowlers","year":"2025","journal-title":"Br J Criminol"},{"key":"key-10.7189\/jogh.16.04144-202604301209-R51","unstructured":"Institute of Alcohol Studies. Alcohol-related crime reporting \u2013 what do we know? London, UK: Institute of Alcohol Studies; 2020. Available: https:\/\/www.ias.org.uk\/report\/alcohol-related-crime-reporting-what-do-we-know\/. Accessed: 14 March 2026."},{"key":"key-10.7189\/jogh.16.04144-202604301209-R52","unstructured":"Donga. Liquor association says Koreans drink less than expected... Is it true? 19 June 2014. Available: https:\/\/www.donga.com\/news\/Economy\/article\/all\/20140619\/64446957\/1. Accessed: 14 March 2026."}],"container-title":["Journal of Global Health"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/jogh.org\/2026\/jogh-16-04144","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,30]],"date-time":"2026-04-30T15:42:28Z","timestamp":1777563748000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/jogh.org\/2026\/jogh-16-04144"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,30]]},"references-count":52,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7189\/jogh.16.04144","relation":{},"ISSN":["2047-2978","2047-2986"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2047-2978","type":"print"},{"value":"2047-2986","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,30]]},"article-number":"04144"}}