{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,26]],"date-time":"2026-06-26T11:48:24Z","timestamp":1782474504479,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":31,"publisher":"International Society of Global Health","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J Glob Health"],"DOI":"10.7189\/jogh.16.05003","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,26]],"date-time":"2026-06-26T11:21:54Z","timestamp":1782472914000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Evaluating the cost-effectiveness of new treatment strategies for the management of young infants with low- or moderate-mortality risk signs of possible serious bacterial infection: framework and study methodology for randomised controlled trials in six countries across Africa and Asia"],"prefix":"10.7189","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Charu C","family":"Garg","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Syzygy Consulting LLC, California, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shamim A","family":"Qazi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Independent Newborn and Child Consultant, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yasir Bin","family":"Nisar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Sexual, Reproductive, Maternal, Child and Adolescent and Ageing Health, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"name":"PSBI Cost-Effectiveness Study Group","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"4223","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"key-10.7189\/jogh.16.05003-202606261143-R1","unstructured":"United Nations Children\u2019s Fund. Levels and trends in child mortality: report 2025. New York, USA: United Nations Children\u2019s Fund; 2026. Available: https:\/\/childmortality.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/UNIGME-Child-Mortality-Report-2025.pdf. Accessed: 25 May 2026."},{"key":"key-10.7189\/jogh.16.05003-202606261143-R2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1297","DOI":"10.1016\/S2214-109X(18)30385-1","article-title":"Population-based rates, timing, and causes of maternal deaths, stillbirths, and neonatal deaths in South Asia and sub-Saharan Africa: a multi-country prospective cohort study.","volume":"6","author":"Alliance for Maternal and Newborn Health Improvement (AMANHI) Mortality Study Group","year":"2018","journal-title":"Lancet Glob Health"},{"key":"key-10.7189\/jogh.16.05003-202606261143-R3","unstructured":"World Health Organization. Integrated management of childhood illness: management of the sick young infant aged up to 2 months. IMCI chart booklet. Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization; 2019. Available: https:\/\/www.who.int\/publications\/i\/item\/9789241516366. Accessed: 5 November 2024."},{"key":"key-10.7189\/jogh.16.05003-202606261143-R4","unstructured":"World Health Organization. Pocket book of hospital care for children: second edition. Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization; 2013. Available: https:\/\/www.who.int\/publications\/i\/item\/978-92-4-154837-3. Accessed: 5 November 2024."},{"key":"key-10.7189\/jogh.16.05003-202606261143-R5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0244192","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0244192","article-title":"Innovative approach for potential scale-up to jump-start simplified management of sick young infants with possible serious bacterial infection when a referral is not feasible: findings from implementation research.","volume":"16","author":"Leul","year":"2021","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"key-10.7189\/jogh.16.05003-202606261143-R6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0228718","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0228718","article-title":"Implementation of the WHO guideline on treatment of young infants with signs of possible serious bacterial infection when hospital referral is not feasible in rural Zaria, Nigeria: challenges and solutions.","volume":"15","author":"Wammanda","year":"2020","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"key-10.7189\/jogh.16.05003-202606261143-R7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0232675","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0232675","article-title":"Managing possible serious bacterial infection of young infants where referral is not possible: lessons from early implementation experience in Kushtia District learning laboratory, Bangladesh.","volume":"15","author":"Rahman","year":"2020","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"key-10.7189\/jogh.16.05003-202606261143-R8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0234212","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0234212","article-title":"Identification and management of young infants with possible serious bacterial infection where referral was not feasible in rural Lucknow district of Uttar Pradesh, India: an implementation research study.","volume":"15","author":"Awasthi","year":"2020","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"key-10.7189\/jogh.16.05003-202606261143-R9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1767","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(14)62284-4","article-title":"Simplified antibiotic regimens compared with injectable procaine benzylpenicillin plus gentamicin for treatment of neonates and young infants with clinical signs of possible serious bacterial infection when referral is not possible: a randomised open-label equivalence trial.","volume":"385","author":"Tshefu","year":"2015","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"key-10.7189\/jogh.16.05003-202606261143-R10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1758","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(14)62285-6","article-title":"Oral amoxicillin compared with injectable procaine benzylpenicillin plus gentamicin for treatment of neonates and young infants with fast breathing when referral is not possible: a randomised open-label equivalence trial.","volume":"385","author":"Tshefu","year":"2015","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"key-10.7189\/jogh.16.05003-202606261143-R11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e279","DOI":"10.1016\/S2214-109X(14)70347-X","article-title":"Safety and efficacy of alternative antibiotic regimens compared with 7-day injectable procaine benzylpenicillin and gentamicin for outpatient treatment of neonates and young infants with clinical signs of severe infection when referral is not possible: a randomised open-label equivalence trial.","volume":"3","author":"Baqui","year":"2015","journal-title":"Lancet Glob Health"},{"key":"key-10.7189\/jogh.16.05003-202606261143-R12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e177","DOI":"10.1016\/S2214-109X(16)30335-7","article-title":"Simplified antibiotic regimens for treatment of clinical severe infection in the outpatient setting when referral is not possible for young infants in Pakistan (Simplified Antibiotic Therapy Trial [SATT]): a randomised open-label equivalence trial.","volume":"5","author":"Mir","year":"2017","journal-title":"Lancet Glob Health"},{"key":"key-10.7189\/jogh.16.05003-202606261143-R13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0269524","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0269524","article-title":"A multi-country implementation research initiative to jump-start scale-up of outpatient management of possible serious bacterial infections when a referral is not feasible: summary findings and implications for programs.","volume":"17","author":"Nisar","year":"2022","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"key-10.7189\/jogh.16.05003-202606261143-R14","unstructured":"World Health Organization. Guideline: managing possible serious bacterial infection in young infants when referral is not feasible. Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization; 2015. Available: https:\/\/www.who.int\/publications\/i\/item\/9789241509268. Accessed: 5 November 2024."},{"key":"key-10.7189\/jogh.16.05003-202606261143-R15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"04084","DOI":"10.7189\/jogh.12.04084","article-title":"Oral amoxicillin plus gentamicin regimens may be superior to procaine-penicillin plus gentamicin regimens for treatment of young infants with possible serious bacterial infection when referral is not feasible: pooled analysis from three trials in Africa and Asia.","volume":"12","author":"Longombe","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Glob Health"},{"key":"key-10.7189\/jogh.16.05003-202606261143-R16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0253110","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0253110","article-title":"Clinical signs of possible serious infection and associated mortality among young infants presenting at first-level health facilities.","volume":"16","author":"Nisar","year":"2021","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"key-10.7189\/jogh.16.05003-202606261143-R17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"i21","DOI":"10.1093\/heapol\/czx054","article-title":"Community-based interventions for newborns in Ethiopia (COMBINE): cost-effectiveness analysis.","volume":"32","author":"Mathewos","year":"2017","journal-title":"Health Policy Plan"},{"key":"key-10.7189\/jogh.16.05003-202606261143-R18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0247977","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0247977","article-title":"Costs and cost-effectiveness of management of possible serious bacterial infections in young infants in outpatient settings when referral to a hospital was not possible: results from randomized trials in Africa.","volume":"16","author":"Garg","year":"2021","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"key-10.7189\/jogh.16.05003-202606261143-R19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1097\/INF.0000000000002500","article-title":"Acute cost-of-illness of sepsis and meningitis in neonates and infants: a systematic review.","volume":"39","author":"Salman","year":"2020","journal-title":"Pediatr Infect Dis J"},{"key":"key-10.7189\/jogh.16.05003-202606261143-R20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"04062","DOI":"10.7189\/jogh.13.04062","article-title":"Cost of treating sick young infants (0\u201359 days) with possible serious bacterial infection in resource-constrained outpatient primary care facilities: an insight from implementation research in two districts of Haryana and Uttar Pradesh, India.","volume":"13","author":"Garg","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Glob Health"},{"key":"key-10.7189\/jogh.16.05003-202606261143-R21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"04055","DOI":"10.7189\/jogh.13.04055","article-title":"Optimal place of treatment for young infants aged less than two months with any low-mortality-risk sign of possible serious bacterial infection: study protocol for a randomised controlled trial from low- and middle-income countries.","volume":"13","author":"PSBI Study Group","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Glob Health"},{"key":"key-10.7189\/jogh.16.05003-202606261143-R22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"04056","DOI":"10.7189\/jogh.13.04056","article-title":"How long should young infants less than two months of age with moderate-mortality-risk signs of possible serious bacterial infection be hospitalised? Study protocol for a randomised controlled trial from low- and middle-income countries.","volume":"13","author":"PSBI Study Group","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Glob Health"},{"key":"key-10.7189\/jogh.16.05003-202606261143-R23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"521","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1524-4733.2005.00045.x","article-title":"Good research practices for cost-effectiveness analysis alongside clinical trials: the ISPOR RCT-CEA Task Force report.","volume":"8","author":"Ramsey","year":"2005","journal-title":"Value Health"},{"key":"key-10.7189\/jogh.16.05003-202606261143-R24","unstructured":"World Health Organization. WHO recommendations for management of serious bacterial infections in infants aged 0\u201359 days. Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization; 2024. Available: https:\/\/www.who.int\/publications\/i\/item\/9789240102903. Accessed: 4 November 2024."},{"key":"key-10.7189\/jogh.16.05003-202606261143-R25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"377","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbi.2008.08.010","article-title":"Research electronic data capture (REDCap): a metadata-driven methodology and workflow process for providing translational research informatics support.","volume":"42","author":"Harris","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Biomed Inform"},{"key":"key-10.7189\/jogh.16.05003-202606261143-R26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"103208","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbi.2019.103208","article-title":"building an international community of software partners.","volume":"95","author":"Harris","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Biomed Inform"},{"key":"key-10.7189\/jogh.16.05003-202606261143-R27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1093","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2016.12195","article-title":"Recommendations for conduct, methodological practices, and reporting of cost-effectiveness analyses: Second Panel on Cost-Effectiveness in Health and Medicine.","volume":"316","author":"Sanders","year":"2016","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"key-10.7189\/jogh.16.05003-202606261143-R28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"347","DOI":"10.3390\/vaccines11020347","article-title":"Incremental net benefit and incremental cost-effectiveness ratio of COVID-19 vaccination campaigns: systematic review of cost-effectiveness evidence.","volume":"11","author":"Santoli","year":"2023","journal-title":"Vaccines (Basel)"},{"key":"key-10.7189\/jogh.16.05003-202606261143-R29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"415","DOI":"10.1002\/hec.678","article-title":"Something old, something new, something borrowed, something blue: a framework for the marriage of health econometrics and cost-effectiveness analysis.","volume":"11","author":"Hoch","year":"2002","journal-title":"Health Econ"},{"key":"key-10.7189\/jogh.16.05003-202606261143-R30","unstructured":"World Health Organization. WHO guide for standardization of economic evaluations of immunization programmes, 2nd ed. Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization; 2019. Available: https:\/\/www.who.int\/publications\/i\/item\/who-guide-for-standardization-of-economic-evaluations-of-immunization-programmes-2nd-ed. Accessed: 4 November 2024."},{"key":"key-10.7189\/jogh.16.05003-202606261143-R31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1093\/heapol\/czw096","article-title":"Understanding and improving the one and three times GDP per capita cost-effectiveness thresholds.","volume":"32","author":"Robinson","year":"2017","journal-title":"Health Policy Plan"}],"container-title":["Journal of Global Health"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/jogh.org\/2026\/jogh-16-05003","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,26]],"date-time":"2026-06-26T11:22:07Z","timestamp":1782472927000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/jogh.org\/2026\/jogh-16-05003"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,26]]},"references-count":31,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7189\/jogh.16.05003","relation":{},"ISSN":["2047-2978","2047-2986"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2047-2978","type":"print"},{"value":"2047-2986","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,26]]},"article-number":"05003"}}