{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,20]],"date-time":"2026-05-20T22:28:06Z","timestamp":1779316086092,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":131,"publisher":"South African Medical Association NPC","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,3]],"date-time":"2023-08-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1691020800000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["S Afr Med J"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background. Heart failure affects nearly 65\u00a0million people globally, resulting in recurrent hospital admissions and substantial healthcare expenditure. The use of morphine in the management of acute pulmonary oedema remains controversial, with conflicting guidance and significant variation in practice. Synthesised evidence is needed to inform standard treatment guidelines and clinical practice.\nObjective. To determine whether morphine should be used in the treatment of acute pulmonary oedema (APE) in adults.\nMethods. A rapid review of systematic reviews of randomised controlled trials or observational studies, and then randomised controlled trials, was conducted searching three electronic databases (PubMed, Embase, Cochrane Library) and one clinical trial registry on 12\u00a0February 2022. We used a prespecified protocol following Cochrane rapid review methods and aligned to the National Standard Treatment Guidelines and Essential Medicines List methodology. We first considered relevant high-quality systematic reviews of randomised controlled trials or observational studies, then (if required) randomised controlled trials to inform time-sensitive or urgent evidence requests, clinical practice, policy, or standard treatment guidelines.\nResults. We identified four systematic reviews of observational studies. The two most relevant, up-to-date, and highest-quality reviews were used to inform evidence for critical outcomes. Morphine may increase in-hospital mortality (odds ratio (OR) 1.78; 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.01 - 3.13; low certainty of evidence; six observational studies, n=151\u00a0735 participants), resulting in 15 more per 1\u00a0000 hospital deaths, ranging from 0 to 40 more hospital deaths. Morphine may result in a large increase in invasive mechanical ventilation (OR 2.72; 95% CI 1.09\u00a0- 6.80; low certainty of evidence; four observational studies, n=167\u00a0847 participants), resulting in 45 more per\u00a01\u00a0000 ventilations, ranging from 2 more to 136 more. Adverse events and hospital length of stay were not measured across reviews or\u00a0trials.\nConclusion. Based on the most recent, relevant and best-available quality evidence, morphine use in adults with APE may increase in-hospital and all-cause mortality and may result in a large increase in the need for invasive mechanical ventilation compared to not using morphine. Recommending against the use of morphine in pulmonary oedema may improve patient outcomes. Disinvesting in morphine for this indication may result in cost savings, noting the possible accrued benefits of fewer patients requiring invasive ventilation and management of morphine-related side-effects.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.7196\/samj.2023.v113i8.348","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,29]],"date-time":"2023-08-29T06:10:19Z","timestamp":1693289419000},"page":"39-43","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Signal of harm in morphine use in adults with acute pulmonary oedema: A rapid systematic review"],"prefix":"10.7196","author":[{"given":"C","family":"Hendrikse","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"V","family":"Ngah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"I I","family":"Kallon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"G","family":"Thom","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"T D","family":"Leong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"K","family":"Cohen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"M","family":"McCaul","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"4425","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"21007","unstructured":"Groenewegen A, Rutten FH, Mosterd A, Hoes AW. 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