{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,20]],"date-time":"2026-03-20T03:52:59Z","timestamp":1773978779198,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"South African Medical Association NPC","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,3]],"date-time":"2023-08-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1691020800000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["S Afr Med J"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background. Angioedema is the most common acute allergic presentation to emergency centres (EC), with hospitalisation rates increasing in high-income countries. Angioedema can complicate with life-threatening laryngeal obstruction. There are no local data; therefore, we aimed to characterise acute angioedema cases presenting to ECs and develop a simple management algorithm.\nObjective. To characterise the clinical presentation, management and outcomes of acute angioedema cases presenting to ECs. Based on these findings, we developed a management algorithm for acute angioedema to improve the care of acute angioedema in South Africa (SA).\nMethods. We conducted a retrospective folder review of all patients admitted to Groote Schuur Hospital (tertiary) and Mitchells Plain District Hospital (secondary) ECs from 1\u00a0 June 2018 to 31\u00a0 June 2020. Using ICD-10 coding, folders of adults \u226518 years with possible angioedema presenting to the ECs were screened. An allergist extracted demographics, medical history, management and outcome data for each angioedema event.\nResults. A total of 142\u00a0acute angioedema episodes were included, with a median (interquartile range) age of 42 (28\u00a0- 58) years, and 62% of patients were female. The majority (124\/142, 87%) of acute angioedema EC presentations involved swelling above the shoulders, with airway involvement in 20\u00a0(14%) patients, with two patients requiring intubation. Nineteen (13%) patients required admission, with five (26%) admitted to high care\/intensive care. Drug-induced angioedema was the most common cause, with 64\/142 (45%) linked to a known offending drug, 42\/64 (65.6%) being angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor (ACE-I). Critical information to guide angioedema management, including past personal\/family allergy history, and duration of angioedema prior to EC visit, was not recorded in 64.7% and 37.8% of EC records, respectively. Unnecessary treatment with corticosteroids or antihistamines occurred in 19\/53 (36%) and 16\/53 (30%) cases with bradykinin-mediated angioedema ACE-I angioedema and hereditary angioedema). Overall, only 36\/142 (25%) of angioedema patients were connected to allergy care.\nConclusion. Angioedema is the most common allergy presentation to two ECs in Cape Town, SA. Bradykinin-mediated angioedema secondary to ACE-I therapy is the single most common offender, and was not appropriately managed in more than a third of cases. Based on these findings, we have developed a management algorithm that easily stratifies patients into bradykinin or mast cell-mediated angioedema with a step-by-step management approach that is applicable to the SA context. Ongoing awareness and education on allergy emergencies are required to ensure accurate diagnosis of less common causes of angioedema (particularly bradykinin-mediated angioedema) and linkage to allergy specialist care.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.7196\/samj.2023.v113i8.717","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,29]],"date-time":"2023-08-29T06:10:19Z","timestamp":1693289419000},"page":"51-57","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Acute angioedema in Cape Town emergency centres and a suggested algorithm to simplify and improve management"],"prefix":"10.7196","author":[{"given":"C","family":"Day","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"J","family":"Van der Walt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"K","family":"Crombie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"C","family":"Hendrikse","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"J","family":"Peter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"4425","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"21138","unstructured":"Cicardi M, Suffritti C, Perego F, Caccia S. 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Macrotrends, 2022."},{"key":"21156","unstructured":"https:\/\/www.macrotrends.net\/cities\/22481\/cape-town\/population (accessed 30 September 2022)."},{"key":"21157","unstructured":"Department of Cooperative Government and Traditional Affairs, South Africa. West Coast"},{"key":"21158","unstructured":"District Municipality Western Cape, profile and analysis district development model. Pretoria:"},{"key":"21159","unstructured":"COGTA, 2020. https:\/\/www.cogta.gov.za\/ddm\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/11\/Westcoast-DMSeptember-2020.pdf (accessed 30 September 2022)."},{"key":"21160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cardona V, Ansotegui IJ, Ebisawa M, et al. World Allergy Organization anaphylaxis guidance 2020.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.waojou.2020.100472"},{"key":"21161","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"World Allergy Org J 2020;13(10):100472. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.waojou.2020.100472","DOI":"10.1016\/j.waojou.2020.100472"},{"key":"21162","unstructured":"Kim SJ, Brooks JC, Sheikh J, Kaplan MS, Goldberg BJ. Angioedema deaths in the United States,"},{"key":"21163","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"-2010. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol 2014;113(6):630-634. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anai.2014.09.003"},{"key":"21164","unstructured":"anai.2014.09.003"},{"key":"21165","unstructured":"Depetri F, Tedeschi A, Cugno M. Angioedema and emergency medicine: From pathophysiology"},{"key":"21166","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"to diagnosis and treatment. 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