{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,14]],"date-time":"2026-10-14T07:47:22Z","timestamp":1791964042572,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":84,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2013,6,18]],"date-time":"2013-06-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1371513600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":168,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/3.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of the International AIDS Society"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Globally, an estimated 3.4 million children are living with HIV, yet little is known about the effects of HIV and antiretroviral treatment (ART) on the developing brain, and the neurodevelopmental and behavioural outcomes of perinatally HIV\u2010infected (PHIV+) adolescents.<\/jats:p><jats:p>We reviewed the literature on neurodevelopmental outcomes in PHIV+ children and adolescents, and summarized the current evidence on behaviour, general cognition, specific domains, hearing and language, school performance and physical disabilities due to neurological problems.<\/jats:p><jats:p>Evidence suggests that PHIV+ children do not perform as well as controls on general cognitive tests, processing speed and visual\u2013spatial tasks, and are at much higher risk for psychiatric and mental health problems. Children with AIDS\u2010defining diagnoses are particularly at risk for poorer outcomes.<\/jats:p><jats:p>A striking finding is the lack of published data specific to the adolescent age group (10\u201325 years), particularly from resource\u2010constrained countries, which have the highest HIV prevalence. In addition, extreme heterogeneity in terms of timing and source of infection, and antiretroviral experience limits our ability to summarize findings of studies and generalize results to other settings.<\/jats:p><jats:p>Due to the complex nature of the developing adolescent brain, environmental influences and variation in access to ART, there is an urgent need for research on the longitudinal trajectory of neurodevelopment among children and adolescents perinatally infected with HIV, especially in high burden resource\u2010constrained settings.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.7448\/ias.16.1.18603","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,6,18]],"date-time":"2013-06-18T11:15:58Z","timestamp":1371554158000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":162,"title":["Neurodevelopment in perinatally HIV\u2010infected children: a concern for 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