{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,5]],"date-time":"2026-10-05T17:54:37Z","timestamp":1791222877304,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2014,12,18]],"date-time":"2014-12-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1418860800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":351,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/3.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"West African Health Organisation (WAHO)"},{"name":"Service de Coop\u00e9ration et d'Action Culturelle (S.C.A.C.) of the French Embassy in Senegal"},{"name":"7th International Workshop on HIV Treatment"},{"name":"Pathogenesis and Prevention Research in Resources limited Settings"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of the International AIDS Society"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title><jats:p>Access to antiretroviral treatment (ART) becomes more and more effective in resource\u2010limited settings (RLS). However, this global effort would be even more profitable if the access to laboratory services especially in decentralized settings was strengthened. We report the virological outcome and HIV\u20101 drug resistance in three West African countries using dried blood spots (DBS) samples.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>We included HIV\u20101\u2010infected adults on ART \u22656 months and followed up in capital cities and decentralized sites in Senegal, Mali and Guinea\u2010Conakry. Patients were consecutively enrolled and DBS were collected in field conditions and kept at ambient temperature before transfer to the reference laboratory. Viral load (VL) was quantified using the NucliSENS EasyQ HIV\u20101 v1.2. Genotyping of HIV\u20101 <jats:italic>pol<\/jats:italic> gene was performed using in\u2010house protocol.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Of the 407 participants, 119, 152 and 136 were from Senegal, Mali and Guinea\u2010Conakry, respectively. The median treatment duration was 36 months [IQR: 6\u2013136]. Virological failure (VF) (VL\u22653log<jats:sub>10<\/jats:sub> copies\/mL) was observed in 26% (95% confidence interval (CI), 18\u201335; n=31), 11% (95% CI, 6\u201317; n=16) and 24% (95% CI, 17\u201332; n=33) of patients in Senegal, Mali and Guinea\u2010Conakry, respectively (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>=0.001). Of samples presenting VL\u22653log<jats:sub>10<\/jats:sub> copies\/mL (n=80), 70 were successfully genotyped. At least one drug resistance mutation (DRM) was detected in the following proportions: 70% (95% CI, 50\u201386; n=19), 93% (95% CI, 68\u2013100; n=14) and 68% (95% CI, 48\u201384; n=19) in Senegal, Mali and Guinea\u2010Conakry, respectively (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>=0.22). Twenty\u2010six per cent (26%; 95% CI, 16\u201338; n=18) of patients in VF harboured wild\u2010type viruses, which is likely indicative of weak adherence. Phylogenetic analysis showed the predominance of CRF02_AG subtype (73%; 95% CI, 61\u201383; n=51).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>We describe the ART outcome in capital and rural settings of Senegal, Mali and Guinea\u2010Conakry. Our results in all of the three countries highlight the need to reinforce the ART adherence in order to minimize the occurrence of drug resistance. In addition, these findings provide additional evidence that the use of DBS as a sampling support could assist virological monitoring of patients on ART in remote areas.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.7448\/ias.17.1.19315","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,12,19]],"date-time":"2014-12-19T10:11:05Z","timestamp":1418983865000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":21,"title":["Antiretroviral treatment outcome in HIV\u20101\u2010infected patients routinely followed up in capital cities and remote areas of Senegal, Mali and Guinea\u2010Conakry"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Abou Abdallah Malick","family":"Diouara","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Halimatou Diop","family":"Ndiaye","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ibrehima","family":"Guindo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nestor","family":"Bangoura","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mohamed","family":"Ciss\u00e9","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tchiakpe","family":"Edmond","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Flabou","family":"Bougoudogo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Souleymame","family":"Mboup","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Martine","family":"Peeters","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ahidjo","family":"Ayouba","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nd\u00e8ye Coumba Tour\u00e9","family":"Kane","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2014,12,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_11_2_1","unstructured":"UNAIDS.UNAIDS report on the global AIDS epidemic 2012 [Internet].[UNAIDS Global AIDS Report web site]. pp.1\u2013212[cited 2013 May 6]; Available from:http:\/\/www.unaids.org\/en\/media\/unaids\/contentassets\/documents\/epidemiology\/2012\/grJC434_WorldAIDSday_results_en.pdf."},{"key":"e_1_2_11_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0012888"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trstmh.2009.02.012"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_5_1","volume-title":"Global update on HIV treatment 2013: results, impact and opportunities","author":"WHO","year":"2013"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jviromet.2007.11.011"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/QAD.0b013e3281c618db"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkq205"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_9_1","unstructured":"WHO.WHO manual for HIV drug resistance testing using dried blood spot specimens [Internet].2012[cited 2013 May 6]; Available from:http:\/\/apps.who.int\/iris\/bitstream\/10665\/75829\/1\/WHO_HIV_2012.30_eng.pdf."},{"key":"e_1_2_11_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkn100"},{"issue":"4","key":"e_1_2_11_11_1","first-page":"195","article-title":"Dried blood spots for HIV\u20101 drug resistance and viral load testing: a review of current knowledge and WHO efforts for global HIV drug resistance surveillance","volume":"12","author":"Bertagnolio S","year":"2010","journal-title":"AIDS Rev"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.00544-14"},{"issue":"12","key":"e_1_2_11_13_1","first-page":"47391","volume":"7","author":"Arnedo M","year":"2012","journal-title":"Monitoring HIV viral load in resource limited settings: still a matter of debate? 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