{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,21]],"date-time":"2026-02-21T09:16:59Z","timestamp":1771665419641,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":0,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"4S3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2014,11,2]],"date-time":"2014-11-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1414886400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":1,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/3.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of the International AIDS Society"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title><jats:p>Elevated IL\u20106 levels have been linked to increased risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD), cancer and death. Compared to the general population, treated HIV+ persons have 50\u2013100% higher IL\u20106 levels, but few data on the determinants of IL\u20106 levels during HIV infection currently exist.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Material and Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Participants in three international HIV trials (SMART, ESPRIT and SILCAAT) with IL\u20106 plasma levels measured at baseline were included (<jats:italic>N<\/jats:italic>=9864). Factors independently associated with log2\u2010transformed IL\u20106 level were identified by multivariate linear regression; exponentiated estimates corresponding to fold differences (FDs) in IL\u20106 were calculated. Demographics (age, gender, race, BMI) and HIV\u2010specific variables (nadir and entry CD4 counts, HIV\u2010RNA, use of different ART regimens) were investigated in all three trials. In SMART (<jats:italic>N<\/jats:italic>=4498), smoking, comorbidities (CVD, diabetes, hepatitis B\/C [HBV\/HCV]), HDL\u2010cholesterol, renal function (eGFR) and educational level were also assessed.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Demographics associated with higher IL\u20106 were older age (FD [95% CI]: 1.09 [1.08\u20131.11] per 10 yr) and higher BMI (1.02 [1.01\u20131.04] per 5 kg\/m<jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>), whereas black race was associated with reduced IL\u20106 (0.96 [0.93\u20130.99]). As for HIV variables, patients not receiving ART (1.36 [1.29\u20131.43]) and with higher HIV\u2010RNA (1.24 [1.01\u20131.52] for &gt;100,000 vs. \u2264500 copies\/mL) had increased IL\u20106. Participants taking protease inhibitors (PI) had higher IL\u20106 (1.14[1.09\u20131.19]). Higher nadir CD4 count (0.98 [0.97\u20130.99]\/100 cells\/\u00b5L) was related to lower IL\u20106. All evaluated comorbidities were related to higher IL\u20106; FDs in IL\u20106 were 1.08 [1.04\u20131.12] for smoking, 1.12 [1.02\u20131.24] for CVD, 1.07 [1.00\u20131.16] for diabetes and 1.12 [1.02\u20131.24] for HBV (1.15 [1.02\u20131.30]) and 1.53 [1.45\u20131.62] for HCV. IL\u20106 increased with decreasing eGFR (0.98 [0.97\u20131.00]\/10 mL\/min) and HDL\u2010cholesterol (0.98 [0.96\u20130.99]\/10 mg\/mL). Lower education was related to higher IL\u20106 (1.09 [1.03\u20131.15] for high school vs. bachelor's degree).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>Higher IL\u20106 levels were associated with older age and non\u2010black race, higher BMI and lower HDL\u2010cholesterol, ongoing HIV replication, low nadir CD4 counts, comorbidities and decreased renal function. This suggests that there are multiple causes of inflammation in treated HIV infection. A possible contribution from PI use was also observed. Contribution from inflammation to explain variation in clinical outcomes for these factors should be investigated.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.7448\/ias.17.4.19482","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,11,3]],"date-time":"2014-11-03T08:30:34Z","timestamp":1415003434000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Determinants of IL\u20106 levels during HIV infection"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"\u00c1lvaro H","family":"Borges","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jemma L","family":"O'Connor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Andrew N","family":"Phillips","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Frederikke F","family":"R\u00f6nsholt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sarah","family":"Pett","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Michael J","family":"Vjecha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Martyn A","family":"French","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jens D","family":"Lundgren","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2014,11,2]]},"container-title":["Journal of the International AIDS Society"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.wiley.com\/onlinelibrary\/tdm\/v1\/articles\/10.7448%2FIAS.17.4.19482","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.7448\/IAS.17.4.19482","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,24]],"date-time":"2023-09-24T17:14:59Z","timestamp":1695575699000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.7448\/IAS.17.4.19482"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2014,11]]},"references-count":0,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4S3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,11]]}},"alternative-id":["10.7448\/IAS.17.4.19482"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7448\/ias.17.4.19482","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["1758-2652","1758-2652"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1758-2652","type":"print"},{"value":"1758-2652","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2014,11]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2014-11-02","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"19482"}}