{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,28]],"date-time":"2026-10-28T06:22:29Z","timestamp":1793168549365,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,1,1]],"date-time":"2017-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1483228800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/3.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100001117","name":"amfAR, The Foundation for AIDS Research","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100001117","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of the International AIDS Society"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p><jats:bold>Introduction<\/jats:bold>: Global effort to increase early diagnosis and engagement in HIV care emphasize the importance of developing novel approaches to reaching those missed by traditional methods. Such needs are particularly great for men who have sex with men (MSM), transgender women (TW), and other populations who face stigma. Myanmar's HIV epidemic is concentrated among key populations and the revised National Strategy aims to reduce late diagnosis and barriers to care to curb HIV incidence among these groups. HIV self\u2010testing (HIVST) may be one method to improve testing and diagnosis among key populations, by placing HIV testing and disclosure within the individual's control.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Methods<\/jats:bold>: Formative, qualitative research including in\u2010depth interviews with adult MSM (N = 12) and TW (N = 13) and focus group discussions with MSM, TW, and community key informants (N = 35) were conducted in June\u2010September 2015 in Yangon, Myanmar. To inform a subsequent HIV care continuum intervention, including HIVST, participants\u2019 opinions and perceptions about HIVST were elicited.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Results<\/jats:bold>: The confidentiality and privacy of HIVST, particularly as it related to disclosure of HIV status and sexual behaviour, was widely recognized among participants. These major advantages were further supported by the opportunity to avoid stigma, convenience of self\u2010testing (reduced need for transportation and time to go to clinics), and the availability of a pain\u2010free testing option. Participants weighed these benefits against perceived disadvantages of HIVST, the majority of which centred on the perception that HIVST does not include counselling. Participants were concerned that potential lack of counselling would result in poor mental health outcomes, inadequate linkage to HIV care and surveillance, and reductions in disclosure of HIV status. Participants did not view these disadvantages as an impediment, but provided suggestions for future implementation of HIVST in Myanmar.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Conclusions<\/jats:bold>: MSM and TW are optimistic about the confidentiality and privacy afforded by HIVST but wanted HIV counselling and linkage to appropriate services. The domestic reprioritization of HIV and opening of the country to international support has substantially increased the availability of HIV treatment and provides new opportunities, like HIVST, to potentially improve the HIV response for key populations who are at risk for HIV acquisition.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.7448\/ias.20.01.21796","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,4,25]],"date-time":"2017-04-25T16:09:43Z","timestamp":1493136583000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":43,"title":["New HIV testing technologies in the context of a concentrated epidemic and evolving HIV prevention: qualitative research on HIV self\u2010testing among men who have sex with men and transgender women in Yangon, Myanmar"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"20","author":[{"given":"Andrea L.","family":"Wirtz","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Emily","family":"Clouse","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vanessa","family":"Veronese","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kaung Htet","family":"Thu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Soe","family":"Naing","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stefan D.","family":"Baral","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chris","family":"Beyrer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_11_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1105243"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_3_1","volume-title":"National strategic plan on HIV and AIDS: Myanmar 2016\u20102020.","author":"Ministry of Health and Sports.","year":"2016"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_4_1","volume-title":"90\u201090\u201090: An ambitious treatment target to help end the AIDS epidemic.","author":"UNAIDS","year":"2014"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/sextrans-2015-052076"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7448\/IAS.16.4.18742"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10461-016-1456-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-015-1309-x"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/COH.0000000000000200"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S2352-3018(15)00078-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1001101"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_12_1","volume-title":"First rapid home\u2010use HIV kit approved for self\u2010testing.","author":"US Food and Drug Administration.","year":"2012"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1001102"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.annemergmed.2011.03.029"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1586\/14737159.2013.820543"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1001414"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/OLQ.0b013e31820369dd"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_18_1","volume-title":"A short technical update on self\u2010testing for HIV.","author":"UNAIDS.","year":"2014"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10461-015-1097-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0956462416630674"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0166129"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10461-013-0630-x"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10461-012-0377-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10461-012-0232-z"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_25_1","volume-title":"National HIV legal review report: review of Myanamar's legal framework and its effect on access to health and HIV services for people living with HIV and key affected populations.","author":"UNAIDS, UNDP, and Pyoe Pin Programme.","year":"2014"},{"issue":"4","key":"e_1_2_11_26_1","first-page":"36","article-title":"Identities in motion: cyberspace and Myanmar men having sex with men","volume":"2","author":"Lin KS","year":"2012","journal-title":"Res Humanities Soc Sci"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_27_1","volume-title":"Global AIDS Response Progress Report Myanmar.","author":"National AIDS Programme.","year":"2014"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_28_1","unstructured":"WirtzA et al.Continuum of Care Interventions for Gay Men and Transgender Women in Burma\/Myanmar: The Parasol Protocol.JMIR Res Protocols.Forthcoming2017."},{"key":"e_1_2_11_29_1","unstructured":"Population D.o.P.M.o.I.a. The 2014 Myanmar Population and Housing Census. 2. Naypyitaw: Ministry of Immigration and Population. Nay Pyi Taw: Department of Population Ministry of Immigration and Population;2015."},{"key":"e_1_2_11_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1355\/sj28-2c"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7196\/SAMJ.4198"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10461-014-0831-y"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_33_1","volume-title":"Guidelines on HIV self\u2010testing and partner notification: supplement to consolidated guidelines on HIV testing services.","author":"WHO HIV\/AIDS Programme.","year":"2016"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-015-1300-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0102812"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_36_1","volume-title":"Community validation meeting","year":"2016"}],"container-title":["Journal of the International AIDS Society"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.wiley.com\/onlinelibrary\/tdm\/v1\/articles\/10.7448%2FIAS.20.01.21796","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.7448\/IAS.20.01.21796","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,24]],"date-time":"2023-09-24T13:35:28Z","timestamp":1695562528000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.7448\/IAS.20.01.21796"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2017,1]]},"references-count":35,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,1]]}},"alternative-id":["10.7448\/IAS.20.01.21796"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7448\/ias.20.01.21796","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["1758-2652","1758-2652"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1758-2652","type":"print"},{"value":"1758-2652","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2017,1]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2016-12-28","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2017-04-05","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2017-01-01","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"21796"}}