{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,1]],"date-time":"2026-11-01T05:25:42Z","timestamp":1793510742835,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":51,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,1,1]],"date-time":"2017-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1483228800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/3.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of the International AIDS Society"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p><jats:bold>Introduction:<\/jats:bold> Increased bacterial translocation and alterations to gut microbiota composition have been described in HIV infection and contribute to immune activation and inflammation. These effects persist despite combined antiretroviral therapy (cART). However, the contribution of different cART combinations has not yet been investigated. The aim of this study was to analyse the long\u2010term effects of different combinations of cART on bacterial translocation and gut microbiota composition in HIV\u2010infected patients.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Methods:<\/jats:bold> We carried out a cross\u2010sectional study of 45 HIV\u2010infected patients on cART, classified as nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRTIs)+ protease inhibitors (PIs) (n\u00a0=\u00a015), NRTIs+ non\u2010nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NNRTIs) (n\u00a0=\u00a022), and NRTIs+ integrase strand transfer inhibitors (INSTIs) (n\u00a0=\u00a08). Untreated HIV\u2010infected patients (n\u00a0=\u00a05) and non\u2010infected volunteers (n\u00a0=\u00a021) were also included. Soluble markers of bacterial translocation and inflammation were measured and gut microbiota composition was analysed using 16S rDNA pyrosequencing (Illumina MiSeq).<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Results:<\/jats:bold> The NRTIs+INSTIs regimen was associated with levels of systemic inflammation that were similar to uninfected controls. The reduction in faecal bacterial diversity induced by HIV infection was also restored by this regimen. HIV infection was more closely related to changes in lower taxonomic units and diversity rather than at the phylum level. The NRTIs+PIs regimen showed the highest reduction in bacterial species, whereas NRTIs+INSTIs induced a minor loss of bacterial species and a significant increase in others.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Conclusions:<\/jats:bold> Our study demonstrated that INSTI\u2010based ART was associated with levels of systemic inflammation and microbial diversity similar to that of uninfected controls. The role of INSTIs other than raltegravir needs to be further investigated. Patients on the NRTIs+PIs regimen presented the highest reduction in bacterial species compared with other antiretrovirals and naive patients. Thus, different cART regimens are associated with diverse profiles in gut microbiota composition. Longitudinal and functional studies are needed to better understand these findings.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.7448\/ias.20.1.21526","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,3,18]],"date-time":"2017-03-18T11:18:32Z","timestamp":1489835912000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":113,"title":["Differential effects of antiretrovirals on microbial translocation and gut microbiota composition of HIV\u2010infected patients"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"20","author":[{"given":"Mar\u00eda 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