{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,8]],"date-time":"2026-07-08T10:22:42Z","timestamp":1783506162355,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":54,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,3,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title\/>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Excessive deviation of the distal phalanx in abduction frequently occurs in advanced stages of hallux rigidus but not in hallux valgus. Therefore, theoretically there should be no significant differences in the hallux interphalangeal angle (HIPA) between individuals with normal feet, those with hallux valgus, and those with mild hallux limitus. The objective of the present study was thus to determine if significant differences in HIPA exist in the early stages of hallux valgus or hallux limitus deformities.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The hallux interphalangeal angle was measured in three groups of participants: a control group with normal feet (45 participants), a hallux valgus group (49 participants), and a hallux limitus group (48 participants). Both of the pathologies were at an early stage. A dorsoplantar radiograph under weightbearing conditions was taken for each individual, and measurements (HIPA and hallux abductus angle [HAA]) were taken using AutoCAD (Autodesk Inc, San Rafael, California) software. Intergroup comparisons of HIPA, and correlations between HIPA, HAA, and hallux dorsiflexion were calculated.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The comparisons revealed no significant differences in the values of HIPA between any of the groups (15.2 \u00b1 5.9 degrees in the control group, 15.5 \u00b1 3.9 degrees in the hallux valgus group, and 16.15 \u00b1 4.3 in the hallux limitus group; P \u200a=\u200a 0.634). The Pearson correlation coefficients in particular showed no correlation between hallux dorsiflexion, HAA, and HIPA.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>For the study participants, there were similar deviations of the distal phalanx of the hallux with respect to the proximal phalanx in normal feet and in feet with the early stages of the hallux limitus and hallux valgus deformities.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.7547\/0003-0538-104.2.169","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,4,2]],"date-time":"2014-04-02T15:56:58Z","timestamp":1396454218000},"page":"169-173","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Hallux Abductus Interphalangeus in Normal Feet, Early-Stage Hallux Limitus, and Hallux Valgus"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"104","author":[{"given":"Jose M.","family":"Castillo-Lopez","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Seville, Department of Podiatry, Seville, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Javier","family":"Ramos-Ortega","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Seville, Department of Podiatry, Seville, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maria","family":"Reina-Bueno","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Seville, Department of Podiatry, Seville, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gabriel","family":"Dom\u00ednguez-Maldonado","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Seville, Department of Podiatry, Seville, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Inmaculada C.","family":"Palomo-Toucedo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Seville, Department of Podiatry, Seville, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pedro V.","family":"Munuera","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Seville, Department of Podiatry, Seville, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","reference":[{"key":"ref491","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.7547\/0980123","article-title":"Length of the sesamoids and their distance from the metatarsophalangeal joint space in feet with incipient hallux limitus","volume":"98","author":"Munuera","year":"2008","journal-title":"JAPMA"},{"key":"ref151","first-page":"425","article-title":"Sistema Esquel\u00e9tico","volume":"I","author":"Soames","year":"1998","journal-title":"Anatom\u00eda de Gray,"},{"key":"ref301","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.7547\/87507315-82-2-85","article-title":"Hallux abductus interphalangeus: etiology, X-ray evaluation and treatment","volume":"82","author":"Sorto","year":"1992","journal-title":"JAPMA"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.7547\/87507315-82-2-85","article-title":"Hallux abductus interphalangeus: etiology, X-ray evaluation and treatment","volume":"82","author":"Sorto","year":"1992","journal-title":"JAPMA"},{"key":"ref441","first-page":"425","article-title":"Sistema Esquel\u00e9tico","volume":"I","author":"Soames","year":"1998","journal-title":"Anatom\u00eda de Gray,"},{"key":"ref521","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"439","DOI":"10.7547\/87507315-78-9-439","article-title":"Measurement of the first metatarsophalangeal joint range of motion","volume":"78","author":"Buell","year":"1988","journal-title":"JAPMA"},{"key":"ref461","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.1177\/107110070202300114","article-title":"Angular measurements in the evaluation of hallux valgus deformities: A report on the Ad Hoc Committee of the American Orthopaedic Foot and Ankle Society on Angular Measurements","volume":"23","author":"Coughlin","year":"2002","journal-title":"Foot Ankle Int"},{"key":"ref431","author":"Leli\u00e8vre","year":"1982","journal-title":"Patolog\u00eda del Pie,"},{"key":"ref121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"200","DOI":"10.7547\/87507315-71-4-200","article-title":"The Buckle Point and the Metatarsal Protrusion's Relatioship to Hallux Valgus","volume":"71","author":"Heden","year":"1981","journal-title":"JAPMA"},{"key":"ref91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1016\/S1067-2516(00)80062-9","article-title":"A comparison of radiographic measurements in normal, hallux valgus, and hallux limitus feet","volume":"39","author":"Bryant","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Foot Ankle Surg"},{"key":"ref41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e28","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fas.2010.12.003","article-title":"Hallux valgus interphalangeus and a novel mutation in HOXA13. 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toe","volume":"96","author":"Barnett","year":"1962","journal-title":"J Anat"},{"key":"ref501","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1030","DOI":"10.1177\/107110070602701206","article-title":"The medial deviation of the first metatarsal in the incipient hallux valgus deformity","volume":"27","author":"Munuera","year":"2006","journal-title":"Foot Ankle Int"},{"key":"ref371","first-page":"155","article-title":"Biomec\u00e1nica y Patomec\u00e1nica del Primer Radio (Apuntes I)","volume":"3","author":"Valero","year":"1992","journal-title":"Rev Esp Podol"},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"994","DOI":"10.1177\/107110070502601116","article-title":"Hallux valgus interphalangeus following osteochondral fracture of the proximal phalanx: a case report","volume":"26","author":"Shimizu","year":"2005","journal-title":"Foot Ankle Int"},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"488","DOI":"10.1302\/0301-620X.51B3.488","article-title":"A review of long-term 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limitus","volume":"98","author":"Munuera","year":"2008","journal-title":"JAPMA"},{"key":"ref271","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"300","DOI":"10.7547\/87507315-78-6-300","article-title":"Shape of the first metatarsal head in hallux rigidus and hallux valgus","volume":"78","author":"Brahm","year":"1988","journal-title":"JAPMA"},{"key":"ref341","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"359","DOI":"10.1016\/S1067-2516(02)80081-3","article-title":"Biomechanical abnormalities and ulcers of the great toe in patients with diabetes","volume":"41","author":"Boffeli","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Foot Ankle Surg"},{"key":"ref531","first-page":"489","article-title":"The normal orientation of the human hallux and the effect of footwear","volume":"96","author":"Barnett","year":"1962","journal-title":"J Anat Lond"},{"key":"ref61","author":"Montagne","year":"1984","journal-title":"Atlas de Radiolog\u00eda del Pie"},{"key":"ref81","first-page":"155","article-title":"Biomec\u00e1nica y Patomec\u00e1nica del Primer Radio (Apuntes I)","volume":"3","author":"Valero","year":"1992","journal-title":"Rev Esp Podol"},{"key":"ref411","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"200","DOI":"10.7547\/87507315-71-4-200","article-title":"The Buckle Point and the Metatarsal Protrusion's Relatioship to Hallux Valgus","volume":"71","author":"Heden","year":"1981","journal-title":"JAPMA"},{"key":"ref481","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"460","DOI":"10.7547\/0970460","article-title":"Radiographic study about the size of the first metatarso-digital segment in feet with incipient hallux limitus","volume":"97","author":"Munuera","year":"2007","journal-title":"JAPMA"},{"key":"ref171","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.1177\/107110070202300114","article-title":"Angular measurements in the evaluation of hallux valgus deformities: A report on the Ad Hoc Committee of the American Orthopaedic Foot and Ankle Society on Angular Measurements","volume":"23","author":"Coughlin","year":"2002","journal-title":"Foot Ankle Int"},{"key":"ref141","author":"Leli\u00e8vre","year":"1982","journal-title":"Patolog\u00eda del Pie,"},{"key":"ref101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"731","DOI":"10.1177\/107110070302401002","article-title":"Hallux rigidus: demographics, etiology, and radiographic assessment","volume":"24","author":"Coughlin","year":"2003","journal-title":"Foot Ankle Int"},{"key":"ref131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1061","DOI":"10.1093\/rheumatology\/keh687","article-title":"Radiographic validation of the manchester scale for the classification of hallux valgus deformity","volume":"44","author":"Menz","year":"2005","journal-title":"Rheumatol"},{"key":"ref351","author":"Montagne","year":"1984","journal-title":"Atlas de Radiolog\u00eda del Pie"},{"key":"ref561","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"300","DOI":"10.7547\/87507315-78-6-300","article-title":"Shape of the first metatarsal head in hallux rigidus and hallux valgus","volume":"78","author":"Brahm","year":"1988","journal-title":"JAPMA"},{"key":"ref111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"625","DOI":"10.7547\/87507315-72-12-625","article-title":"Hallux abductus interphalangeus and its relationship to hallux abducto valgus","volume":"72","author":"Duke","year":"1982","journal-title":"JAPMA"},{"key":"ref551","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"489","DOI":"10.1007\/s00264-007-0350-9","article-title":"Length of the first metatarsal and hallux in hallux valgus in initial stage","volume":"32","author":"Munuera","year":"2008","journal-title":"Int Orthop"},{"key":"ref291","first-page":"580","article-title":"An unusual type of hallux valgus (two cases)","volume":"2","author":"Daw","year":"1935","journal-title":"Br Med J"},{"key":"ref511","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1177\/107110070602700304","article-title":"Radiographic angles in hallux valgus: differences between 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