{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]],"date-time":"2026-09-29T21:51:18Z","timestamp":1790718678830,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,5,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title\/>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Dermatomycoses are a group of pathologic abnormalities frequently seen in clinical practice, and their prevalence has increased in recent decades. Diagnostic confirmation of mycotic infection in nails is essential because there are several pathologic conditions with similar clinical manifestations. The classical method for confirming the presence of fungus in nail is microbiological culture and the identification of morphological structures by microscopy.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We devised a nested polymerase chain reaction (PCR) that amplifies specific DNA sequences of dermatophyte fungus that is notably faster than the 3 to 4 weeks that the traditional procedure takes. We compared this new technique and the conventional plate culture method in 225 nail samples. The results were subjected to statistical analysis.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We found concordance in 78.2% of the samples analyzed by the two methods and increased sensitivity when simultaneously using the two methods to analyze clinical samples. Now we can confirm the presence of dermatophyte fungus in most of the positive samples in just 24 hours, and we have to wait for the result of culture only in negative PCR cases.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Although this PCR cannot, at present, substitute for the traditional culture method in the detection of dermatophyte infection of the nails, it can be used as a complementary technique because its main advantage lies in the significant reduction of time used for diagnosis, in addition to higher sensitivity.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.7547\/0003-0538-104.3.233","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,6,5]],"date-time":"2014-06-05T17:39:13Z","timestamp":1401989953000},"page":"233-237","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Using a Polymerase Chain Reaction as a Complementary Test to Improve the Detection of Dermatophyte Fungus in Nails"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"104","author":[{"given":"Mar\u00eda Jos\u00e9 Iglesias","family":"S\u00e1nchez","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Terap\u00e9utica M\u00e9dico-Quir\u00fargica, Universidad de Extremadura, Plasencia, Spain."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ana Mar\u00eda P\u00e9rez","family":"Pico","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Titulaci\u00f3n de Podolog\u00eda, Centro Universitario de Plasencia, Universidad de Extremadura, Plasencia, Spain."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"F\u00e9lix Marcos","family":"Tejedor","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Titulaci\u00f3n de Podolog\u00eda, Centro Universitario de Plasencia, Universidad de Extremadura, Plasencia, Spain."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mar\u00eda Jes\u00fas Iglesias","family":"S\u00e1nchez","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Neurociencias de Castilla y Le\u00f3n, Salamanca, Spain."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Raquel Mayordomo","family":"Acevedo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Anatom\u00eda, Universidad de Extremadura, Plasencia, Spain."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","reference":[{"key":"ref301","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1200","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.02072-06","article-title":"Five-hour diagnosis of dermatophyte nail infections with specific detection of Tricophyton rubrum","volume":"45","author":"Brillowska-Dabrowska","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"key":"ref271","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"336","DOI":"10.1157\/13102270","article-title":"Procedimientos de diagn\u00f3stico microbiol\u00f3gico de las micosis y estudios de sensibilidad a los antif\u00fangicos","volume":"25","author":"Gadea","year":"2007","journal-title":"Enferm Infecc Microbiol Clin"},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2133.149.s65.4.x","article-title":"Epidemiology, clinical presentation and diagnosis of onychomycosis","volume":"149","author":"Faergemann","year":"2003","journal-title":"Br J Dermatol"},{"key":"ref81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"415","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.11.3.415","article-title":"Onycomycosis: pathogenesis, diagnosis and management","volume":"11","author":"Elewski","year":"1998","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol Rev"},{"key":"ref51","first-page":"4084","article-title":"Optimal dermatophyte diagnosis requires both microscopy and culture","volume":"99","author":"Petrini","year":"2002","journal-title":"Lakartidningen"},{"key":"ref361","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1277","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.311.7015.1277","article-title":"Fungal nail disease: a guide to good practice (report of a Working Group of the British Society for Medical Mycology)","volume":"311","author":"Denning","year":"1995","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"ref71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"336","DOI":"10.1157\/13102270","article-title":"Procedimientos de diagn\u00f3stico microbiol\u00f3gico de las micosis y estudios de sensibilidad a los antif\u00fangicos","volume":"25","author":"Gadea","year":"2007","journal-title":"Enferm Infecc Microbiol Clin"},{"key":"ref01","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"240","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.8.2.240","article-title":"The dermatophytes","volume":"8","author":"Weitzman","year":"1995","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol Rev"},{"key":"ref111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"475","DOI":"10.1080\/13693780701449425","article-title":"DNA and the classical way: identification of medically important molds in the 21st century","volume":"45","author":"Balajee","year":"2007","journal-title":"Med Mycol"},{"key":"ref291","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1016\/S0733-8635(03)00109-8","article-title":"Cutaneous fungal infection in the elderly","volume":"22","author":"Loo","year":"2004","journal-title":"Dermatol Clin"},{"key":"ref161","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1277","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.311.7015.1277","article-title":"Fungal nail disease: a guide to good practice (report of a Working Group of the British Society for Medical Mycology)","volume":"311","author":"Denning","year":"1995","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"ref61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"463","DOI":"10.1016\/S0733-8635(03)00035-4","article-title":"The diagnosis of onychomycosis","volume":"21","author":"Mahoney","year":"2003","journal-title":"Dermatol Clin"},{"key":"ref341","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1157\/13128780","article-title":"Molecular techniques in mycology","volume":"26","author":"Rodr\u00edguez-Tudela","year":"2008","journal-title":"Enferm Infecc Microbiol Clin"},{"key":"ref191","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.1007\/s11046-008-9099-y","article-title":"The new species concept in dermatophytes: a polyphasic approach","volume":"166","author":"Gr\u00e4ser","year":"2008","journal-title":"Mycopathologia"},{"key":"ref351","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"250","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2164-8-250","article-title":"TrED: the Trichophyton rubrum Expression Database","volume":"8","author":"Yang","year":"2007","journal-title":"BMC Genomics"},{"key":"ref331","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2641","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.00697-08","article-title":"Single-step PCR using (GACA)4 primer: utililty for rapid identification of dermatophyte species and strains","volume":"46","author":"Shehata","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"key":"ref41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/49.suppl_1.11","article-title":"Diagnosis of fungal infections: current status","volume":"49","author":"Stivens","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Antimicrob Chemother"},{"key":"ref381","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"698","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2133.2007.08110.x","article-title":"Fast and sensitive detection of Trichophyton rubrum DNA from the nail samples of patients with onychomycosis by a double-round polymerase chain reaction-based assay","volume":"157","author":"Gupta","year":"2007","journal-title":"Br J Dermatol"},{"key":"ref201","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"240","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.8.2.240","article-title":"The dermatophytes","volume":"8","author":"Weitzman","year":"1995","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol Rev"},{"key":"ref251","first-page":"4084","article-title":"Optimal dermatophyte diagnosis requires both microscopy and culture","volume":"99","author":"Petrini","year":"2002","journal-title":"Lakartidningen"},{"key":"ref91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1016\/S0733-8635(03)00109-8","article-title":"Cutaneous fungal infection in the elderly","volume":"22","author":"Loo","year":"2004","journal-title":"Dermatol Clin"},{"key":"ref171","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"190","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clindermatol.2010.01.001","article-title":"New molecular tools in the diagnosis of superficial fungal infections","volume":"28","author":"Hay","year":"2010","journal-title":"Clin Dermatol"},{"key":"ref101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1200","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.02072-06","article-title":"Five-hour diagnosis of dermatophyte nail infections with specific detection of Tricophyton rubrum","volume":"45","author":"Brillowska-Dabrowska","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"key":"ref321","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"493","DOI":"10.1099\/0022-1317-49-6-493","article-title":"Application of PCR to the identification of dermatophyte fungi","volume":"49","author":"Liu","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Med Microbiol"},{"key":"ref141","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1157\/13128780","article-title":"Molecular techniques in mycology","volume":"26","author":"Rodr\u00edguez-Tudela","year":"2008","journal-title":"Enferm Infecc Microbiol Clin"},{"key":"ref281","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"415","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.11.3.415","article-title":"Onycomycosis: pathogenesis, diagnosis and management","volume":"11","author":"Elewski","year":"1998","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol Rev"},{"key":"ref131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2641","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.00697-08","article-title":"Single-step PCR using (GACA)4 primer: utililty for rapid identification of dermatophyte species and strains","volume":"46","author":"Shehata","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"key":"ref261","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"463","DOI":"10.1016\/S0733-8635(03)00035-4","article-title":"The diagnosis of onychomycosis","volume":"21","author":"Mahoney","year":"2003","journal-title":"Dermatol Clin"},{"key":"ref221","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2133.149.s65.4.x","article-title":"Epidemiology, clinical presentation and diagnosis of onychomycosis","volume":"149","author":"Faergemann","year":"2003","journal-title":"Br J Dermatol"},{"key":"ref311","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"475","DOI":"10.1080\/13693780701449425","article-title":"DNA and the classical way: identification of medically important molds in the 21st century","volume":"45","author":"Balajee","year":"2007","journal-title":"Med Mycol"},{"key":"ref151","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"250","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2164-8-250","article-title":"TrED: the Trichophyton rubrum Expression Database","volume":"8","author":"Yang","year":"2007","journal-title":"BMC Genomics"},{"key":"ref241","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/49.suppl_1.11","article-title":"Diagnosis of fungal infections: current status","volume":"49","author":"Stivens","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Antimicrob Chemother"},{"key":"ref121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"493","DOI":"10.1099\/0022-1317-49-6-493","article-title":"Application of PCR to the identification of dermatophyte fungi","volume":"49","author":"Liu","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Med Microbiol"},{"key":"ref371","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"190","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clindermatol.2010.01.001","article-title":"New molecular tools in the diagnosis of superficial fungal infections","volume":"28","author":"Hay","year":"2010","journal-title":"Clin Dermatol"},{"key":"ref391","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.1007\/s11046-008-9099-y","article-title":"The new species concept in dermatophytes: a polyphasic approach","volume":"166","author":"Gr\u00e4ser","year":"2008","journal-title":"Mycopathologia"},{"key":"ref181","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"698","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2133.2007.08110.x","article-title":"Fast and sensitive detection of Trichophyton rubrum DNA from the nail samples of patients with onychomycosis by a double-round polymerase chain reaction-based assay","volume":"157","author":"Gupta","year":"2007","journal-title":"Br J Dermatol"}],"container-title":["Journal of the American Podiatric Medical Association"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/meridian.allenpress.com\/japma\/article-pdf\/104\/3\/233\/2258299\/0003-0538-104_3_233.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"http:\/\/meridian.allenpress.com\/japma\/article-pdf\/104\/3\/233\/2258299\/0003-0538-104_3_233.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,8]],"date-time":"2026-07-08T10:12:43Z","timestamp":1783505563000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1930-8264\/104\/3\/233"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2014,5,1]]},"references-count":36,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,5,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7547\/0003-0538-104.3.233","relation":{},"ISSN":["8750-7315","1930-8264"],"issn-type":[{"value":"8750-7315","type":"print"},{"value":"1930-8264","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2014,5,1]]}}}