{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,8]],"date-time":"2026-07-08T10:22:49Z","timestamp":1783506169693,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":74,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:title\/>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"st1\">\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Podiatric physicians routinely use electric drills for the treatment of nail and skin conditions. The grinding process produces human nail and skin dust that is generally vacuumed into bags in the grinding unit. Many of the nails are thought to be mycotic, particularly because they are obtained from patients with symptoms of dermatophyte infections. Currently, there is limited information available on the detection of fungi from nail dust samples. Herein, we attempt to address this situation and outline some of the difficulties that pathology laboratories face in isolating and identifying dermatophytes from nail samples.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"st2\">\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Fifty nail dust bags from podiatric medical clinics across all of the states and territories of Australia were collected and analyzed. Samples from the bags were inoculated onto primary isolation media. Fungal colonies that grew were then inoculated onto potato dextrose agar for identification using standard morphological (macroscopic and microscopic) features.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"st3\">\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>One hundred fifty-one colonies of dermatophytes were identified from 43 of the 50 samples. In addition 471 nondermatophyte molds were isolated, along with some yeasts and bacteria.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"st4\">\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      The most common dermatophytes isolated were from the\n                      <jats:italic>Trichophyton mentagrophytes\/interdigitale<\/jats:italic>\n                      complexes.\n                      <jats:italic>Trichophyton rubrum, Trichophyton tonsurans, Trichophyton soudanense,<\/jats:italic>\n                      and\n                      <jats:italic>Epidermophyton floccosum<\/jats:italic>\n                      were also isolated. An unidentified group of dermatophytes was also present. The three most common genera of nondermatophyte molds were\n                      <jats:italic>Aspergillus, Penicillium,<\/jats:italic>\n                      and\n                      <jats:italic>Scopulariopsis<\/jats:italic>\n                      , all of which have been implicated in onychomycosis and more general disease. The presence of viable fungal pathogens in the dust could potentially pose a health problem to podiatric physicians.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.7547\/0003-0538-105.2.111","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,3,27]],"date-time":"2015-03-27T11:27:21Z","timestamp":1427455641000},"page":"111-120","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Isolation of Dermatophytes (and Other Fungi) from Human Nail and Skin Dust Produced by Podiatric Medical Treatments in Australia"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"105","author":[{"given":"Steven","family":"Hainsworth","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"John F.","family":"Hamblin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thiru","family":"Vanniasinkam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","reference":[{"key":"i8750-7315-105-2-111-b01","series-title":"JAPMA","first-page":"563","article-title":"Inhalation of nail dust from onychomycotic toenails: part 1. Characterization of particles","volume":"75","author":"Abramson\n              C,","year":"1985","unstructured":"Abramson\n              C, \n            \n              Wilton\n              J:\n            \n          \n          Inhalation of nail dust from onychomycotic toenails: part 1. Characterization of particles. JAPMA75: 563, 1985."},{"issue":"suppl 1","key":"i8750-7315-105-2-111-b02","series-title":"Ann Occup Hyg","first-page":"365","article-title":"Toenail dust particles: a potential inhalation hazard to podiatrists?","volume":"46","author":"Donaldson\n              C,","year":"2002","unstructured":"Donaldson\n              C, \n            \n              Carline\n              T, \n            \n              Brown\n              D, \n            et al\n          : Toenail dust particles: a potential inhalation hazard to podiatrists?Ann Occup Hyg46 (suppl 1): 365, 2002."},{"key":"i8750-7315-105-2-111-b03","series-title":"Occup Environ Med","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"713","DOI":"10.1136\/oem.2006.027565","article-title":"World at work: evidence based risk management of nail dust in chiropodists and podiatrists","volume":"63","author":"Burrow\n              J,","year":"2006","unstructured":"Burrow\n              J, \n            \n              Larnon\n              NM:\n            \n          \n          World at work: evidence based risk management of nail dust in chiropodists and podiatrists. Occup Environ Med63: 713, 2006.10.1136\/oem.2006.02756516983101"},{"key":"i8750-7315-105-2-111-b04","series-title":"Arch Dermatol Syphilol","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.1001\/archderm.1945.01510210051014","article-title":"Examination of nails for fungi","volume":"51","author":"Epstein\n              S,","year":"1945","unstructured":"Epstein\n              S, \n            \n              Marshfield\n              W:\n            \n          \n          Examination of nails for fungi. Arch Dermatol Syphilol51: 209, 1945.10.1001\/archderm.1945.01510210051014"},{"key":"i8750-7315-105-2-111-b05","series-title":"The Chiropodist","first-page":"50","article-title":"Fungi in dust from nail drills","volume":"27","author":"English\n              MP:","year":"1972","unstructured":"English\n              MP:\n            \n          \n          Fungi in dust from nail drills. The Chiropodist27: 50, 1972."},{"key":"i8750-7315-105-2-111-b06","series-title":"Br J Dermatol","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2133.1973.tb07540.x","article-title":"An improved method for the isolation of fungi in onychomycosis","volume":"88","author":"English\n              MP,","year":"1973","unstructured":"English\n              MP, \n            \n              Atkinson\n              R:\n            \n          \n          An improved method for the isolation of fungi in onychomycosis. Br J Dermatol88: 237, 1973.10.1111\/j.1365-2133.1973.tb07540.x4268245"},{"key":"i8750-7315-105-2-111-b07","series-title":"J Br Podiatr Med","first-page":"158","article-title":"Putative risks of ocular infection for chiropodists and podiatrists","volume":"51","author":"Millar\n              NA,","year":"1996","unstructured":"Millar\n              NA, \n            \n              Burrow\n              JG, \n            \n              Hay\n              J, \n            et al\n          : Putative risks of ocular infection for chiropodists and podiatrists. J Br Podiatr Med51: 158, 1996."},{"key":"i8750-7315-105-2-111-b08","series-title":"Mycoses","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"479","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1439-0507.1996.tb00102.x","article-title":"Isolation of fungi from onychomycosis-suspected nails by two methods: clipping and drilling","volume":"39","author":"Heikkila\n              H:","year":"1996","unstructured":"Heikkila\n              H:\n            \n          \n          Isolation of fungi from onychomycosis-suspected nails by two methods: clipping and drilling. Mycoses39: 479, 1996.914500910.1111\/j.1439-0507.1996.tb00102.x"},{"key":"i8750-7315-105-2-111-b09","series-title":"The Foot","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/S0958-2592(97)90001-8","article-title":"To discover a possible route for cross-infection from podiatric drill handpieces","volume":"7","author":"Sherrard-Brisley\n              J,","year":"1997","unstructured":"Sherrard-Brisley\n              J, \n            \n              Robinson\n              C:\n            \n          \n          To discover a possible route for cross-infection from podiatric drill handpieces. The Foot7: 1, 1997.10.1016\/S0958-2592(97)90001-8"},{"key":"i8750-7315-105-2-111-b10","series-title":"J Dermatol","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"108","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1346-8138.2005.tb00726.x","article-title":"A nail drilling method for the diagnosis of onychomycosis","volume":"32","author":"Mochizuki\n              T,","year":"2005","unstructured":"Mochizuki\n              T, \n            \n              Kawasaki\n              M, \n            \n              Tanabe\n              H, \n            et al\n          : A nail drilling method for the diagnosis of onychomycosis. J Dermatol32: 108, 2005.10.1111\/j.1346-8138.2005.tb00726.x"},{"key":"i8750-7315-105-2-111-b11","series-title":"J Pak Med Assoc","first-page":"301","article-title":"Effects of modified sample collection technique on fungal culture yield: nail clipping\/scraping versus microdrill","volume":"54","author":"Qureshi\n              HS,","year":"2004","unstructured":"Qureshi\n              HS, \n            \n              Ormsby\n              HA, \n            \n              Kapadia\n              N:\n            \n          \n          Effects of modified sample collection technique on fungal culture yield: nail clipping\/scraping versus microdrill. J Pak Med Assoc54: 301, 2004.15366794"},{"key":"i8750-7315-105-2-111-b12","series-title":"J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol","first-page":"182","article-title":"Collection of fungi samples from nails: a comparative study of curettage and drilling techniques","volume":"22","author":"Shemer\n              A,","year":"2008","unstructured":"Shemer\n              A, \n            \n              Trau\n              H, \n            \n              Davidovici\n              B, \n            et al\n          : Collection of fungi samples from nails: a comparative study of curettage and drilling techniques. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol22: 182, 2008.18211411"},{"key":"i8750-7315-105-2-111-b13","series-title":"J Dermatol","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"410","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1346-8138.2009.00667.x","article-title":"Comparative study of nail sampling techniques in onychomycosis","volume":"36","author":"Shemer\n              A,","year":"2009","unstructured":"Shemer\n              A, \n            \n              Davidovici\n              B, \n            \n              Grunwald\n              M, \n            et al\n          : Comparative study of nail sampling techniques in onychomycosis. J Dermatol36: 410, 2009.1958368910.1111\/j.1346-8138.2009.00667.x"},{"key":"i8750-7315-105-2-111-b14","series-title":"Ann Occup Hyg","first-page":"746","article-title":"Workplace exposure to bioaerosols in podiatry clinics","volume":"56","author":"Goggins\n              M,","year":"2012","unstructured":"Goggins\n              M, \n            \n              Hogan\n              V, \n            \n              Kelly\n              M, \n            et al\n          : Workplace exposure to bioaerosols in podiatry clinics. Ann Occup Hyg56: 746, 2012."},{"key":"i8750-7315-105-2-111-b15","series-title":"JAPMA","first-page":"631","article-title":"Nail dust aerosols from onychomycotic toenails: part II. Clinical and serologic aspects","volume":"75","author":"Abramson\n              C,","year":"1985","unstructured":"Abramson\n              C, \n            \n              Wilton\n              J:\n            \n          \n          Nail dust aerosols from onychomycotic toenails: part II. Clinical and serologic aspects. JAPMA75: 631, 1985."},{"key":"i8750-7315-105-2-111-b16","series-title":"Br J Dermatol","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"490","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2133.1997.tb02128.x","article-title":"Non-dermatophytes in onychomycosis in toenails","volume":"136","author":"Ellis\n              DH,","year":"1997","unstructured":"Ellis\n              DH, \n            \n              Watson\n              AB, \n            \n              Marley\n              JE, \n            et al\n          : Non-dermatophytes in onychomycosis in toenails. Br J Dermatol136: 490, 1997.10.1111\/j.1365-2133.1997.tb02128.x9155945"},{"key":"i8750-7315-105-2-111-b17","series-title":"J Am Acad Dermatol","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1067\/S0190-9622(03)01480-4","article-title":"Comparison of diagnostic methods in the evaluation of onychomycosis","volume":"49","author":"Weinberg\n              JM,","year":"2003","unstructured":"Weinberg\n              JM, \n            \n              Koestenblatt\n              EK, \n            \n              Tutrone\n              WD, \n            et al\n          : Comparison of diagnostic methods in the evaluation of onychomycosis. J Am Acad Dermatol49: 193, 2003.10.1067\/S0190-9622(03)01480-412894064"},{"key":"i8750-7315-105-2-111-b18","series-title":"Braz J Infect Dis","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"333","DOI":"10.1590\/S1413-86702008000400016","article-title":"Successive mycological nail tests for onychomycosis: a strategy to improve diagnosis efficiency","volume":"12","author":"Meireles\n              TE,","year":"2008","unstructured":"Meireles\n              TE, \n            \n              Rocha\n              MFG, \n            \n              Brilhante\n              RSN, \n            et al\n          : Successive mycological nail tests for onychomycosis: a strategy to improve diagnosis efficiency. Braz J Infect Dis12: 333, 2008.10.1590\/S1413-8670200800040001619030737"},{"key":"i8750-7315-105-2-111-b19","series-title":"Clin Podiatr Med Surg","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"565","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cpm.2004.06.001","article-title":"Laboratory diagnosis of onychomycosis","volume":"21","author":"Alberhasky\n              RC:","year":"2004","unstructured":"Alberhasky\n              RC:\n            \n          \n          Laboratory diagnosis of onychomycosis. Clin Podiatr Med Surg21: 565, 2004.10.1016\/j.cpm.2004.06.00115450897"},{"key":"i8750-7315-105-2-111-b20","series-title":"Curr Ther Res","first-page":"20","article-title":"The fungal flora of normal and diseased nails","volume":"22","author":"Onsberg\n              P:","year":"1978","unstructured":"Onsberg\n              P:\n            \n          \n          The fungal flora of normal and diseased nails. Curr Ther Res22: 20, 1978."},{"key":"i8750-7315-105-2-111-b21","series-title":"Egypt Dermatol Online J","first-page":"12","article-title":"Prevalence of non-dermatophyte molds in patients with abnormal nails","volume":"2","author":"Batawi\n              MME,","year":"2006","unstructured":"Batawi\n              MME, \n            \n              Arnaot\n              H, \n            \n              Shoeib\n              S, \n            et al\n          : Prevalence of non-dermatophyte molds in patients with abnormal nails. Egypt Dermatol Online J2: 12, 2006."},{"key":"i8750-7315-105-2-111-b22","series-title":"J Am Acad Dermatol","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"494","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2011.02.038","article-title":"Systematic review of nondermatophyte mold onychomycosis: diagnosis, clinical types, epidemiology and treatment","volume":"66","author":"Gupta\n              AK,","year":"2012","unstructured":"Gupta\n              AK, \n            \n              Drummond-Main\n              C, \n            \n              Cooper\n              EA, \n            et al\n          : Systematic review of nondermatophyte mold onychomycosis: diagnosis, clinical types, epidemiology and treatment. J Am Acad Dermatol66: 494, 2012.10.1016\/j.jaad.2011.02.03821820203"},{"key":"i8750-7315-105-2-111-b23","series-title":"Descriptions of Medical Fungi, 2nd Ed","author":"Ellis\n              D,","year":"2007","unstructured":"Ellis\n              D, \n            \n              Davis\n              S, \n            \n              Alexiou\n              H, \n            et al\n          : Descriptions of Medical Fungi, 2nd Ed, Mycology Unit, Women's and Children's Hospital, School of Molecular and Biomedical Science, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia, 2007."},{"key":"i8750-7315-105-2-111-b24","series-title":"Medically Important Fungi: A Guide to Identification, 5th Ed","year":"2011","unstructured":"Larone D: Medically Important Fungi: A Guide to Identification, 5th Ed, ASM Press, Washington, DC, 2011."},{"key":"i8750-7315-105-2-111-b25","series-title":"Mycopathologia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"295","DOI":"10.1007\/s11046-008-9106-3","article-title":"Conventional methods for the diagnosis of dermatophytosis","volume":"166","author":"Robert\n              R,","year":"2008","unstructured":"Robert\n              R, \n            \n              Pihet\n              M:\n            \n          \n          Conventional methods for the diagnosis of dermatophytosis. Mycopathologia166: 295, 2008.10.1007\/s11046-008-9106-3"},{"key":"i8750-7315-105-2-111-b26","series-title":"Med Mycol","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"315","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-280X.1999.00234.x","article-title":"Molecular taxonomy of the Trichophyton mentagrophytes and T. tonsurans","volume":"37","author":"Graser\n              Y,","year":"1999","unstructured":"Graser\n              Y, \n            \n              Kuijpers\n              AFA, \n            \n              Presber\n              W, \n            et al\n          : Molecular taxonomy of the Trichophyton mentagrophytes and T. tonsurans. Med Mycol37: 315, 1999.10.1046\/j.1365-280X.1999.00234.x"},{"key":"i8750-7315-105-2-111-b27","series-title":"Med Mycol","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"329","DOI":"10.1080\/mmy.38.5.329.336","article-title":"Molecular approaches to the study of dermatophytes","volume":"38","author":"Graser\n              Y,","year":"2000","unstructured":"Graser\n              Y, \n            \n              Kuijpers\n              AFA, \n            \n              Presber\n              W, \n            et al\n          : Molecular approaches to the study of dermatophytes. Med Mycol38: 329, 2000.10.1080\/mmy.38.5.329.336"},{"key":"i8750-7315-105-2-111-b28","series-title":"Biology of Dermatophytes and Other Keratinophilic Fungi","first-page":"17","article-title":"Recent Advances in the Molecular Taxonomy of Dermatophytes","author":"Graser\n              Y,","year":"2000","unstructured":"Graser\n              Y, \n            \n              de Hoog\n              GS, \n            \n              Kuijpers\n              AFA:\n            \n          \u201cRecent Advances in the Molecular Taxonomy of Dermatophytes,\u201d inBiology of Dermatophytes and Other Keratinophilic Fungi, edited byRKSKushwaha, JGuarro, p17, Revista Iberoamericana de Micologia, Bilbao, Spain, 2000."},{"key":"i8750-7315-105-2-111-b29","series-title":"Br J Dermatol","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1312","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2133.2010.09953.x","article-title":"Molecular characterization of the Trichophyton mentagrophytes complex found in Taiwan with emphasis on their correlation with clinical observations","volume":"163","author":"Sun\n              PL,","year":"2010","unstructured":"Sun\n              PL, \n            \n              Hsieh\n              HM, \n            \n              Ju\n              YM, \n            et al\n          : Molecular characterization of the Trichophyton mentagrophytes complex found in Taiwan with emphasis on their correlation with clinical observations. Br J Dermatol163: 1312, 2010.2064979510.1111\/j.1365-2133.2010.09953.x"},{"key":"i8750-7315-105-2-111-b30","series-title":"J Clin Microbiol","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3329","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.38.9.3329-3336.2000","article-title":"Molecular taxonomy of the Trichophyton rubrum complex","volume":"38","author":"Graser\n              Y,","year":"2000","unstructured":"Graser\n              Y, \n            \n              Kuijpers\n              AFA, \n            \n              Presber\n              W, \n            et al\n          : Molecular taxonomy of the Trichophyton rubrum complex. J Clin Microbiol38: 3329, 2000.10.1128\/JCM.38.9.3329-3336.200010970379"},{"key":"i8750-7315-105-2-111-b31","series-title":"Clin Infect Dis","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"820","DOI":"10.1086\/313764","article-title":"Recurrent subcutaneous infection due to Scopulariopsis brevicaulis in a liver transplant recipient","volume":"30","author":"Sellier\n              P,","year":"2000","unstructured":"Sellier\n              P, \n            \n              Monsuez\n              JJ, \n            \n              Lacroix\n              C, \n            et al\n          : Recurrent subcutaneous infection due to Scopulariopsis brevicaulis in a liver transplant recipient. Clin Infect Dis30: 820, 2000.10.1086\/313764"},{"key":"i8750-7315-105-2-111-b32","series-title":"Dermatophytes: Their Recognition and Identification, Rev Ed","author":"Rebell\n              G,","year":"1979","unstructured":"Rebell\n              G, \n            \n              Taplin\n              D: \n          \n          Dermatophytes: Their Recognition and Identification, Rev Ed, University of Miami Press, Coral Gables, FL, 1979."},{"key":"i8750-7315-105-2-111-b33","series-title":"Appl Microbiol","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"134","DOI":"10.1128\/am.26.2.134-137.1973","article-title":"Dermatophyte test medium: evaluation with nondermatophytic pathogens","volume":"26","author":"Salkin\n              IF:","year":"1973","unstructured":"Salkin\n              IF:\n            \n          \n          Dermatophyte test medium: evaluation with nondermatophytic pathogens. Appl Microbiol26: 134, 1973.479552610.1128\/am.26.2.134-137.1973"},{"key":"i8750-7315-105-2-111-b34","series-title":"Arch Dermatol Syphilol","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1001\/archderm.1969.01610200075012","article-title":"Isolation and recognition of dermatophytes on a new medium (DTM)","volume":"99","author":"Taplin\n              D,","year":"1969","unstructured":"Taplin\n              D, \n            \n              Zaias\n              MD, \n            \n              Rebell\n              G, \n            et al\n          : Isolation and recognition of dermatophytes on a new medium (DTM). Arch Dermatol Syphilol99: 203, 1969.10.1001\/archderm.1969.01610200075012"},{"key":"i8750-7315-105-2-111-b35","series-title":"J Dtsch Dermatol Ges","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"721","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1610-0387.2012.07964.x","article-title":"Diagnostic PCR of dermatophytes: an overview","volume":"10","author":"Graser\n              Y,","year":"2012","unstructured":"Graser\n              Y, \n            \n              Czaika\n              V, \n            \n              Ohst\n              T:\n            \n          \n          Diagnostic PCR of dermatophytes: an overview. J Dtsch Dermatol Ges10: 721, 2012.2301329810.1111\/j.1610-0387.2012.07964.x"},{"key":"i8750-7315-105-2-111-b36","series-title":"Mycopathologia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"307","DOI":"10.1007\/s11046-008-9107-2","article-title":"Molecular approaches in the diagnosis of dermatophytosis","volume":"166","author":"Kanbe\n              T:","year":"2008","unstructured":"Kanbe\n              T:\n            \n          \n          Molecular approaches in the diagnosis of dermatophytosis. Mycopathologia166: 307, 2008.10.1007\/s11046-008-9107-2"},{"key":"i8750-7315-105-2-111-b37","series-title":"FEMS Microbiol Lett","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1574-6968.2006.00541.x","article-title":"Closely related dermatophyte species produce different patterns of secreted proteins","volume":"267","author":"Giddey\n              K,","year":"2007","unstructured":"Giddey\n              K, \n            \n              Favre\n              B, \n            \n              Quadroni\n              M, \n            et al\n          : Closely related dermatophyte species produce different patterns of secreted proteins. FEMS Microbiol Lett267: 95, 2007.1715612610.1111\/j.1574-6968.2006.00541.x"},{"key":"i8750-7315-105-2-111-b38","series-title":"J Bacteriol","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1128\/jb.74.2.113-121.1957","article-title":"Routine nutritional test for the identification of dermatophytes","volume":"74","author":"Georg\n              LK:","year":"1957","unstructured":"Georg\n              LK:\n            \n          \n          Routine nutritional test for the identification of dermatophytes. J Bacteriol74: 113, 1957.10.1128\/jb.74.2.113-121.1957"},{"key":"i8750-7315-105-2-111-b39","series-title":"Am J Clin Pathol","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcp\/74.2.197","article-title":"Utilisation of standard laboratory methods in the laboratory diagnosis of problem dermatophytes","volume":"74","author":"Shadomy\n              HJ,","year":"1980","unstructured":"Shadomy\n              HJ, \n            \n              Philpot\n              CM:\n            \n          \n          Utilisation of standard laboratory methods in the laboratory diagnosis of problem dermatophytes. Am J Clin Pathol74: 197, 1980.10.1093\/ajcp\/74.2.197"},{"key":"i8750-7315-105-2-111-b40","series-title":"Med Mycol","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1080\/13693780600606810","article-title":"Dermatophytes: recognizing species of clonal fungi","volume":"44","author":"Graser\n              Y,","year":"2006","unstructured":"Graser\n              Y, \n            \n              de Hoog\n              S, \n            \n              Summerbell\n              RC:\n            \n          \n          Dermatophytes: recognizing species of clonal fungi. Med Mycol44: 199, 2006.10.1080\/1369378060060681016702098"},{"key":"i8750-7315-105-2-111-b41","series-title":"Mycopathologia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.1007\/s11046-008-9099-y","article-title":"The new species concept in dermatophytes: a polyphasic approach","volume":"166","author":"Graser\n              Y,","year":"2008","unstructured":"Graser\n              Y, \n            \n              Scott\n              J, \n            \n              Summerbell\n              RC:\n            \n          \n          The new species concept in dermatophytes: a polyphasic approach. Mycopathologia166: 239, 2008.10.1007\/s11046-008-9099-y18478366"},{"key":"i8750-7315-105-2-111-b42","series-title":"Australas J Dermatol","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1440-0960.1970.tb00442.x","article-title":"Isolation of Trichophyton soudanense in Australia","volume":"11","author":"Frey\n              D:","year":"1970","unstructured":"Frey\n              D:\n            \n          \n          Isolation of Trichophyton soudanense in Australia. Australas J Dermatol11: 50, 1970.10.1111\/j.1440-0960.1970.tb00442.x5448515"},{"key":"i8750-7315-105-2-111-b43","series-title":"J Clin Microbiol","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1192","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.02235-07","article-title":"Rapid identification and differentiation of Trichophyton species, based on sequence polymorphisms of the ribosomal internal transcribed spacer regions, by rolling-circle amplification","volume":"46","author":"Kong\n              F,","year":"2008","unstructured":"Kong\n              F, \n            \n              Tong\n              Z, \n            \n              Chen\n              X, \n            et al\n          : Rapid identification and differentiation of Trichophyton species, based on sequence polymorphisms of the ribosomal internal transcribed spacer regions, by rolling-circle amplification. J Clin Microbiol46: 1192, 2008.10.1128\/JCM.02235-0718234865"},{"key":"i8750-7315-105-2-111-b44","series-title":"Mycoses","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1439-0507.2007.01427.x","article-title":"Widespread tinea corporis caused by Trichophyton rubrum with non-typical cultural characteristics: diagnosis via PCR","volume":"50","author":"Seyfarth\n              F,","year":"2007","unstructured":"Seyfarth\n              F, \n            \n              Ziemer\n              M, \n            \n              Graser\n              Y, \n            et al\n          : Widespread tinea corporis caused by Trichophyton rubrum with non-typical cultural characteristics: diagnosis via PCR. Mycoses50: 26, 2007.10.1111\/j.1439-0507.2007.01427.x17681051"},{"key":"i8750-7315-105-2-111-b45","series-title":"An Bras Dermatol","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"377","DOI":"10.1590\/abd1806-4841.20131884","article-title":"Identification of fungi species in the onychomycosis of institutionalized elderly","volume":"88","author":"Vasconcellos\n              C,","year":"2013","unstructured":"Vasconcellos\n              C, \n            \n              Pereira\n              CQM, \n            \n              Souza\n              MC, \n            et al\n          : Identification of fungi species in the onychomycosis of institutionalized elderly. An Bras Dermatol88: 377, 2013.10.1590\/abd1806-4841.2013188423793195"},{"key":"i8750-7315-105-2-111-b46","series-title":"Australas J Dermatol","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"258","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1440-0960.2010.00678.x","article-title":"Dermatophyte infections in Melbourne: trends from 1961\/64 to 2008\/09","volume":"51","author":"Coloe\n              S,","year":"2010","unstructured":"Coloe\n              S, \n            \n              Baird\n              R:\n            \n          \n          Dermatophyte infections in Melbourne: trends from 1961\/64 to 2008\/09. Australas J Dermatol51: 258, 2010.10.1111\/j.1440-0960.2010.00678.x21198522"},{"key":"i8750-7315-105-2-111-b47","series-title":"J Dermatol","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"248","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1346-8138.2007.00262.x","article-title":"Laboratory-based epidemiological study of superficial fungal infections","volume":"34","author":"Das\n              S,","year":"2007","unstructured":"Das\n              S, \n            \n              Goyal\n              R, \n            \n              Bhattacharya\n              SN:\n            \n          \n          Laboratory-based epidemiological study of superficial fungal infections. J Dermatol34: 248, 2007.1735272210.1111\/j.1346-8138.2007.00262.x"},{"key":"i8750-7315-105-2-111-b48","series-title":"J Clin Microbiol","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"461","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.02033-06","article-title":"Isolation of Trichophyton violaceum and Trichophyton soudanense in Baltimore, Maryland","volume":"45","author":"Magill\n              SS,","year":"2007","unstructured":"Magill\n              SS, \n            \n              Manfredi\n              L, \n            \n              Swiderski\n              A, \n            et al\n          : Isolation of Trichophyton violaceum and Trichophyton soudanense in Baltimore, Maryland. J Clin Microbiol45: 461, 2007.10.1128\/JCM.02033-0617151204"},{"key":"i8750-7315-105-2-111-b49","series-title":"J Dtsch Dermatol Ges","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"646","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1610-0387.2006.06048.x","article-title":"Graser Y: Trichophyton eboreum: a recently described dermatophyte [in German]","volume":"4","author":"Brasch\n              J,","year":"2006","unstructured":"Brasch\n              J, \n          \n          Graser Y: Trichophyton eboreum: a recently described dermatophyte [in German]. J Dtsch Dermatol Ges4: 646, 2006.1689556610.1111\/j.1610-0387.2006.06048.x"},{"issue":"suppl 2","key":"i8750-7315-105-2-111-b50","series-title":"Mycoses","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1439-0507.2007.01424.x","article-title":"Epidemiology of tinea capitis in Europe: current state and changing patterns","volume":"50","author":"Ginter-Hanselmayer\n              G,","year":"2007","unstructured":"Ginter-Hanselmayer\n              G, \n            \n              Weger\n              W, \n            \n              Ilkit\n              M, \n            et al\n          : Epidemiology of tinea capitis in Europe: current state and changing patterns. Mycoses50 (suppl 2): 6, 2007.10.1111\/j.1439-0507.2007.01424.x17681048"},{"key":"i8750-7315-105-2-111-b51","series-title":"JAPMA","first-page":"498","article-title":"Pathologic and diagnostic considerations in onychomycosis","volume":"87","author":"Lemont\n              H:","year":"1997","unstructured":"Lemont\n              H:\n            \n          \n          Pathologic and diagnostic considerations in onychomycosis. JAPMA87: 498, 1997."},{"key":"i8750-7315-105-2-111-b52","series-title":"JAPMA","first-page":"327","article-title":"Study of clinically suspected onychomycosis in a podiatric population","volume":"92","author":"Jennings\n              MB,","year":"2002","unstructured":"Jennings\n              MB, \n            \n              Weinberg\n              JF, \n            \n              Koestenblatt\n              EK, \n            et al\n          : Study of clinically suspected onychomycosis in a podiatric population. JAPMA92: 327, 2002."},{"key":"i8750-7315-105-2-111-b53","series-title":"Med Mycol","first-page":"241","article-title":"Trichophyton rubrum and T. mentagrophytes studied by freeze etching","volume":"13","year":"1975","unstructured":"Hasegawa T: Trichophyton rubrum and T. mentagrophytes studied by freeze etching. Med Mycol13: 241, 1975."},{"key":"i8750-7315-105-2-111-b54","series-title":"Curr Opin Infect Dis","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"142","DOI":"10.1097\/QCO.0b013e32802ef47e","article-title":"New fungal nail infections","volume":"20","author":"Iorizzo\n              M,","year":"2007","unstructured":"Iorizzo\n              M, \n            \n              Piraccini\n              BM, \n            \n              Tosti\n              A:\n            \n          \n          New fungal nail infections. Curr Opin Infect Dis20: 142, 2007.10.1097\/QCO.0b013e32802ef47e17496571"},{"key":"i8750-7315-105-2-111-b55","series-title":"Eur J Dermatol","first-page":"70","article-title":"Onychomycosis by molds: report of 78 cases","volume":"17","author":"Bonifaz\n              A,","year":"2007","unstructured":"Bonifaz\n              A, \n            \n              Cruz-Aguilar\n              P, \n            \n              Ponce\n              RA:\n            \n          \n          Onychomycosis by molds: report of 78 cases. Eur J Dermatol17: 70, 2007.17324832"},{"key":"i8750-7315-105-2-111-b56","series-title":"Dermatol Int","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-4362.1967.tb05238.x","article-title":"Fungi isolated in onychomycosis","volume":"6","author":"Ozegovic\n              L:","year":"1967","unstructured":"Ozegovic\n              L:\n            \n          \n          Fungi isolated in onychomycosis. Dermatol Int6: 52, 1967.10.1111\/j.1365-4362.1967.tb05238.x4233067"},{"key":"i8750-7315-105-2-111-b57","series-title":"Dermatol Ther","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1529-8019.2002.01522.x","article-title":"The role of nondermatophyte molds in onychomycosis: diagnosis and treatment","volume":"15","author":"Melody\n              R,","year":"2002","unstructured":"Melody\n              R, \n            \n              Straten\n              V, \n            \n              Balkis\n              MM, \n            et al\n          : The role of nondermatophyte molds in onychomycosis: diagnosis and treatment. Dermatol Ther15: 89, 2002.10.1046\/j.1529-8019.2002.01522.x"},{"key":"i8750-7315-105-2-111-b58","series-title":"Asian J Dermatol","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.3923\/ajd.2011.13.19","article-title":"Isolation of opportunistic fungi from dermatophyte samples","volume":"3","author":"Bakheshwain\n              S,","year":"2011","unstructured":"Bakheshwain\n              S, \n            \n              El Khizzi\n              N, \n            \n              Al Rasheed\n              AM, \n            et al\n          : Isolation of opportunistic fungi from dermatophyte samples. Asian J Dermatol3: 13, 2011.10.3923\/ajd.2011.13.19"},{"key":"i8750-7315-105-2-111-b59","series-title":"Trans Br Mycol Soc","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.1016\/S0007-1536(65)80088-2","article-title":"The saprophytic growth of non-keratinophilic fungi on keratinized substrata, and a comparison with keratinophilic fungi","volume":"48","author":"English\n              MP:","year":"1965","unstructured":"English\n              MP:\n            \n          \n          The saprophytic growth of non-keratinophilic fungi on keratinized substrata, and a comparison with keratinophilic fungi. Trans Br Mycol Soc48: 219, 1965.10.1016\/S0007-1536(65)80088-2"},{"key":"i8750-7315-105-2-111-b60","series-title":"Int J Dermatol","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"877","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-4362.1993.tb01403.x","article-title":"Molds in onychomycosis","volume":"32","author":"Ramani\n              MD,","year":"1993","unstructured":"Ramani\n              MD, \n            \n              Srinivas\n              CR, \n            \n              Ananthakrishnan\n              MDT, \n            et al\n          : Molds in onychomycosis. Int J Dermatol32: 877, 1993.10.1111\/j.1365-4362.1993.tb01403.x8125689"},{"key":"i8750-7315-105-2-111-b61","series-title":"Australas J Dermatol","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1440-0960.1992.tb00110.x","article-title":"Dermatophyte and non-dermatophyte onychomycosis in Singapore","volume":"33","author":"Lim\n              JT,","year":"1992","unstructured":"Lim\n              JT, \n            \n              Chua\n              HC, \n            \n              Goh\n              CL:\n            \n          \n          Dermatophyte and non-dermatophyte onychomycosis in Singapore. Australas J Dermatol33: 159, 1992.130307710.1111\/j.1440-0960.1992.tb00110.x"},{"key":"i8750-7315-105-2-111-b62","series-title":"Acta Dermatovenerol Croat","first-page":"8","article-title":"Scopulariopsis brevicaulis as the cause of dermatomycosis","volume":"18","author":"Petanovic\n              M,","year":"2010","unstructured":"Petanovic\n              M, \n            \n              Tomic Paradzik\n              M, \n            \n              Kristof\n              Z, \n            et al\n          : Scopulariopsis brevicaulis as the cause of dermatomycosis. Acta Dermatovenerol Croat18: 8, 2010.20361882"},{"key":"i8750-7315-105-2-111-b63","series-title":"Trans Br Mycol Soc","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1016\/S0007-1536(54)80065-9","article-title":"Onychomycosis caused by Scopulariopsis brevicaulis","volume":"37","author":"Martin-Scott\n              I:","year":"1954","unstructured":"Martin-Scott\n              I:\n            \n          \n          Onychomycosis caused by Scopulariopsis brevicaulis. Trans Br Mycol Soc37: 38, 1954.10.1016\/S0007-1536(54)80065-9"},{"key":"i8750-7315-105-2-111-b64","series-title":"Can Med Assoc J","first-page":"1264","article-title":"Onychomycosis caused by Scopulariopsis brevicaulis","volume":"83","author":"Fischer\n              JB:","year":"1960","unstructured":"Fischer\n              JB:\n            \n          \n          Onychomycosis caused by Scopulariopsis brevicaulis. Can Med Assoc J83: 1264, 1960.13699853"},{"key":"i8750-7315-105-2-111-b65","series-title":"Jundishapiur J Microbiol","first-page":"61","article-title":"Epidemiologic study of onychomycosis and tinea pedis in Kashan, Iran","volume":"2","author":"Asadi\n              MA,","year":"2009","unstructured":"Asadi\n              MA, \n            \n              Dehghani\n              R, \n            \n              Sharif\n              MR:\n            \n          \n          Epidemiologic study of onychomycosis and tinea pedis in Kashan, Iran. Jundishapiur J Microbiol2: 61, 2009."},{"key":"i8750-7315-105-2-111-b66","series-title":"Br J Dermatol","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"799","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2133.1996.tb03895.x","article-title":"Onychomycosis due to Scopulariopsis brevicaulis: clinical features and response to systemic antifungals","volume":"135","author":"Tosti\n              A,","year":"1996","unstructured":"Tosti\n              A, \n            \n              Piraccina\n              BM, \n            \n              Stinchi\n              C, \n            et al\n          : Onychomycosis due to Scopulariopsis brevicaulis: clinical features and response to systemic antifungals. Br J Dermatol135: 799, 1996.897768610.1111\/j.1365-2133.1996.tb03895.x"},{"key":"i8750-7315-105-2-111-b67","series-title":"Antimicrob Agents Chemother","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2339","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.47.7.2339-2341.2003","article-title":"Scopulariopsis brevicaulis, a fungal pathogen resistant to broad-spectrum antifungal agents","volume":"47","author":"Cuenanca-Estrella\n              M,","year":"2003","unstructured":"Cuenanca-Estrella\n              M, \n            \n              Gomez-Lopez\n              A, \n            \n              Mellado\n              E, \n            et al\n          : Scopulariopsis brevicaulis, a fungal pathogen resistant to broad-spectrum antifungal agents. Antimicrob Agents Chemother47: 2339, 2003.10.1128\/AAC.47.7.2339-2341.2003"},{"key":"i8750-7315-105-2-111-b68","series-title":"Clin Dermatol","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"160","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clindermatol.2009.12.009","article-title":"Other fungi causing onychomycosis","volume":"28","author":"Moreno\n              G,","year":"2010","unstructured":"Moreno\n              G, \n            \n              Arenas\n              R:\n            \n          \n          Other fungi causing onychomycosis. Clin Dermatol28: 160, 2010.10.1016\/j.clindermatol.2009.12.00920347658"},{"key":"i8750-7315-105-2-111-b69","series-title":"Indian J Dermatol","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"140","DOI":"10.4103\/0019-5154.62743","article-title":"Nondermatophytic moulds as a causative agent of onychomycosis in Tehran","volume":"55","author":"Shahindokht\n              BJ,","year":"2010","unstructured":"Shahindokht\n              BJ, \n            \n              Ali\n              K:\n            \n          \n          Nondermatophytic moulds as a causative agent of onychomycosis in Tehran. Indian J Dermatol55: 140, 2010.10.4103\/0019-5154.62743"},{"key":"i8750-7315-105-2-111-b70","series-title":"Mycopathologia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1007\/s11046-005-6872-z","article-title":"Non-dermatophytic molds as agents of onychomycosis in Izmir, Turkey: a prospective study","volume":"160","author":"Hilmioglu-Polat\n              S,","year":"2005","unstructured":"Hilmioglu-Polat\n              S, \n            \n              Metin\n              DY, \n            \n              Inci\n              R, \n            et al\n          : Non-dermatophytic molds as agents of onychomycosis in Izmir, Turkey: a prospective study. Mycopathologia160: 125, 2005.10.1007\/s11046-005-6872-z16170607"},{"key":"i8750-7315-105-2-111-b71","series-title":"Mycopathologia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"321","DOI":"10.1007\/s11046-007-9016-9","article-title":"Medically important fungi found in hallux nails of university students from Cali, Columbia","volume":"163","author":"Alvarez\n              MI,","year":"2007","unstructured":"Alvarez\n              MI, \n            \n              Caicedo\n              LD:\n            \n          \n          Medically important fungi found in hallux nails of university students from Cali, Columbia. Mycopathologia163: 321, 2007.10.1007\/s11046-007-9016-9"},{"key":"i8750-7315-105-2-111-b72","series-title":"J Clin Microbiol","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5298","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.41.11.5298-5301.2003","article-title":"Deep infection by Trichophyton rubrum in an immunocompromised patient","volume":"41","author":"Nir-Paz\n              R,","year":"2003","unstructured":"Nir-Paz\n              R, \n            \n              Elinav\n              H, \n            \n              Pierard\n              GE, \n            et al\n          : Deep infection by Trichophyton rubrum in an immunocompromised patient. J Clin Microbiol41: 5298, 2003.10.1128\/JCM.41.11.5298-5301.2003"},{"key":"i8750-7315-105-2-111-b73","series-title":"Infect Genet Evol","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"336","DOI":"10.1016\/j.meegid.2013.09.005","article-title":"Molecular epidemiology, phylogeny and evolution of dermatophytes","volume":"20","author":"Cafarchia\n              C,","year":"2013","unstructured":"Cafarchia\n              C, \n            \n              Iatta\n              R, \n            \n              Latrofa\n              MS, \n            et al\n          : Molecular epidemiology, phylogeny and evolution of dermatophytes. Infect Genet Evol20: 336, 2013.2406073510.1016\/j.meegid.2013.09.005"},{"key":"i8750-7315-105-2-111-b74","series-title":"Clin Exp Dermatol","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"230","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2230.2011.04258.x","article-title":"Evaluation of PCR for the diagnosis of dermatophytes in nail specimens from patients with suspected onychomycosis","volume":"37","author":"Luk\n              NM,","year":"2012","unstructured":"Luk\n              NM, \n            \n              Hui\n              M, \n            \n              Cheng\n              TS, \n            et al\n          : Evaluation of PCR for the diagnosis of dermatophytes in nail specimens from patients with suspected onychomycosis. Clin Exp Dermatol37: 230, 2012.10.1111\/j.1365-2230.2011.04258.x"}],"container-title":["Journal of the American Podiatric Medical Association"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/japmaonline.org\/view\/journals\/apms\/105\/2\/0003-0538-105.2.111.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/meridian.allenpress.com\/japma\/article-pdf\/105\/2\/111\/1605064\/0003-0538-105_2_111.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/japmaonline.org\/downloadpdf\/journals\/apms\/105\/2\/0003-0538-105.2.111.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/japmaonline.org\/downloadpdf\/journals\/apms\/105\/2\/0003-0538-105.2.111.xml","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,8]],"date-time":"2026-07-08T10:12:56Z","timestamp":1783505576000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1930-8264\/105\/2\/111"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2015,3]]},"references-count":74,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2"},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7547\/0003-0538-105.2.111","relation":{},"ISSN":["8750-7315","1930-8264"],"issn-type":[{"value":"8750-7315","type":"print"},{"value":"1930-8264","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2015,3]]}}}