{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,8]],"date-time":"2026-07-08T10:21:51Z","timestamp":1783506111882,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JAPMA"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2006,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>The objective of this study was to determine whether a correlation exists between abnormal pronation and functional leg-length discrepancies. Visual assessment and a pelvic thrust maneuver were used to identify the functionally short leg in 56 indigenous Mexicans (20 males and 36 females; mean age, 33 years; mean weight, 59 kg; and mean height, 1.60 m). The Foot Posture Index was used with a modified stance position to identify the more pronated foot. The posterosuperior iliac spines were used to identify the \u201crelative\u201d position of the innominate bones. The raw data obtained from this study were evaluated using the McNemar test for paired proportions. A significant positive correlation was found between abnormal pronation and hip position and between hip position and functional leg-length discrepancy. These results are consistent with a theoretical ascending dysfunctional pelvic model: Abnormal pronation pulls the innominate bones anteriorly (forward); anterior rotation of the innominate bones shifts the acetabula posteriorly and cephalad (backward and upward); and this shift in the acetabula hyperextends the knees and shortens the legs, with the shortest leg corresponding to the most pronated foot. (J Am Podiatr Med Assoc 96(6): 499-507, 2006)<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.7547\/0960499","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,4,1]],"date-time":"2014-04-01T10:22:47Z","timestamp":1396347767000},"page":"499-504","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Relationship of Functional Leg-Length Discrepancy to Abnormal Pronation"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"96","author":[{"given":"Brian A.","family":"Rothbart","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"R&D Biomechanics, GRD BioMed Inc, 468 Main St, Safety Harbor, FL 34695."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","reference":[{"key":"R1","series-title":"J Orthop Sports Phys Ther","first-page":"221","volume":"33","year":"2003","unstructured":"Brady RJ, Dean JB, Skinner TM, et al: Limb length inequality: clinical implications for assessment and intervention. .J Orthop Sports Phys Ther33::221. ,2003. .12774997"},{"key":"R2","series-title":"J Manipulative Physiol Ther","first-page":"576","volume":"15","year":"1992","unstructured":"Mannello DM: Leg length inequality. .J Manipulative Physiol Ther15::576. ,1992. .1469342"},{"key":"R3","series-title":"Clin Podiatr Med Surg","first-page":"509","volume":"5","year":"1988","unstructured":"Baylis WJ, Rzonca EC: Functional and structural limb length discrepancies: evaluation and treatment. .Clin Podiatr Med Surg5::509. ,1988. .3293752"},{"key":"R4","series-title":"J Orthop Sports Phys Ther","first-page":"230","volume":"5","year":"1984","unstructured":"Woerman AL, Binder-Macleod SA: Leg length discrepancy assessment: accuracy and precision in five clinical methods of evaluation. .J Orthop Sports Phys Ther5::230. ,1984. .18806409"},{"key":"R5","series-title":"JAPMA","first-page":"625","volume":"83","year":"1993","unstructured":"Blake RL, Ferguson HJ: Correlation between limb length discrepancy and asymmetrical rearfoot position. .JAPMA83::625. ,1993. ."},{"key":"R6","series-title":"Br J Sports Med","first-page":"10","volume":"25","year":"1991","unstructured":"McCaw ST, Bates BT: Biomechanical implications of mild leg length inequality. .Br J Sports Med25::10. ,1991. .1913023"},{"key":"R7","series-title":"Spine","first-page":"643","volume":"8","year":"1983","unstructured":"Friburg O: Clinical symptoms and biomechanics of lumbar spine and hip joint in leg length inequality. .Spine8::643. ,1983. .6228021"},{"key":"R8","series-title":"Lancet","first-page":"256","volume":"4","year":"1984","unstructured":"Grundy PF, Roberts CJ: Does unequal leg length cause back pain? a case controlled study. .Lancet4::256. ,1984. ."},{"key":"R9","series-title":"Spine","first-page":"429","volume":"16","year":"1991","unstructured":"Soukka A, Alaranta H, Tallroth K, et al: Leg-length inequality in people of working age: the association between mild inequality and low-back pain is questionable. .Spine16::429. ,1991. .1828627"},{"key":"R10","series-title":"Spine","first-page":"510","volume":"6","year":"1981","unstructured":"Giles LGF, Taylor JR: Low-back pain associated with leg length inequality. .Spine6::510. ,1981. .6458101"},{"key":"R11","series-title":"J Bone Joint Surg Am","first-page":"59","volume":"64","year":"1982","unstructured":"Papaioannou T, Stokes I, Kenwright J: Scoliosis associated with limb-length inequality. .J Bone Joint Surg Am64::59. ,1982. .7054204"},{"key":"R12","series-title":"JAPMA","first-page":"33","volume":"82","year":"1992","unstructured":"Blake RL, Ferguson H: Limb length discrepancies. .JAPMA82::33. ,1992. ."},{"key":"R13","series-title":"Gait Posture","first-page":"195","volume":"15","year":"2002","unstructured":"Gurney B: Leg length discrepancy. .Gait Posture15::195. ,2002. .11869914"},{"key":"R14","series-title":"Orthop Clin North Am","first-page":"529","volume":"18","year":"1987","unstructured":"Moseley CF: Leg length discrepancy. .Orthop Clin North Am18::529. ,1987. .3313161"},{"key":"R15","series-title":"J South Orthop Assoc","first-page":"73","volume":"10","year":"2001","unstructured":"McCarthy JJ, MacEwen GD: Management of leg length inequality. .J South Orthop Assoc10::73. ,2001. .12132831"},{"key":"R16","year":"1983","unstructured":"Cathie A: \u201cThe Influence of the Lower Extremities upon the Structural Integrity of the Body,\u201d in Postural Balance and Imbalance, ed by B Peterson, P 50, American Academy of Osteopathy, Indianapolis. ,1983. ."},{"key":"R17","series-title":"J Bone Joint Surg Am","first-page":"2310","volume":"85","year":"2003","unstructured":"Parvizi J, Sharkey PF, Bissett GA, et al: Surgical treatment of limb-length discrepancy following total hip arthroplasty. .J Bone Joint Surg Am85::2310. ,2003. .14668499"},{"key":"R18","year":"1983","unstructured":"Kappler RE: \u201cPostural Balance and Motion Patterns,\u201d in Postural Balance and Imbalance, ed by B Peterson, p 6, American Academy of Osteopathy, Indianapolis. ,1983. ."},{"key":"R19","year":"2006","unstructured":"Rothbart BA: Ascending functional leg length discrepancy pattern. 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