{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,15]],"date-time":"2026-10-15T14:30:35Z","timestamp":1792074635488,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":28,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2009,7,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Recently, there has been a resurgence of interest in potential phototherapy technologies for the local treatment of bacterial and fungal infection. Currently, onychomycosis is the principle disease that is the target of these phototherapies in podiatric medicine. Some of these technologies are currently undergoing in vitro and in vivo trials approved by institutional review boards. The three light-based technologies are ultraviolet light therapy, near infrared photo-inactivation therapy, and photothermal ablative antisepsis. Each of these technologies have markedly dissimilar mechanisms of action. In this review, each technology will be discussed from the perspectives of history, photobiology, individual mechanism of action, safety, and potential clinical efficacy, with data presented from published material. This review is intended to give podiatric physicians detailed information on state-of-the-art infectious disease phototherapy. (J Am Podiatr Med Assoc 99(4): 348\u2013352, 2009)<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.7547\/0980348","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,4,1]],"date-time":"2014-04-01T10:01:30Z","timestamp":1396346490000},"page":"348-352","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["A Review of Current Research in Light-Based Technologies for Treatment of Podiatric Infectious Disease States"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"99","author":[{"given":"Eric","family":"Bornstein","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Nomir Medical Technologies, Inc, 307 Waverley Oaks Road, Suite 109, Waltham, MA 02452. (E-mail: ebornstein@nomirmedical.com)"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","reference":[{"key":"ref361","article-title":"inventors Method and apparatus for treating a diseased nail US patent application September","volume":"21","author":"Demetriou","year":"2006"},{"key":"ref351","article-title":"inventors Treating a diseased nail World Intellectual Property WO","author":"Demetriou","year":"2006","journal-title":"Organization"},{"key":"ref371","article-title":"Biographical Memoir The National Academies Available at http books nap edu html biomems hedgerton pdf Accessed","volume":"11","author":"Vandiver","year":"1903"},{"key":"ref81","first-page":"10","article-title":"ES AH Photo - inactivation of fungal pathogens that cause onychomycosis in vitro and in vivo with the Noveon dual wavelength laser system Abstract presented at : New Cardiovascular September New Orleans","author":"Bornstein","year":"2008","journal-title":"Horizons"},{"key":"ref661","article-title":"ES Examining the antibacterial action spectrum in vitro of the Noveon dual wavelength laser system through photo - 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inactivation of coli at physiologic temperatures Abstract presented at for Laser Medicine and Surgery Laser Conference MD","author":"Bornstein","year":"2009","journal-title":"American Society"},{"key":"ref431","first-page":"183","article-title":"US Department of Human Services Ultraviolet radiation related exposures report on carcinogens th Ed Available at http ntp niehs nih gov ntp roc eleventh profiles s uvrr pdf Accessed","volume":"11","author":"June","year":"2009","journal-title":"Health"},{"key":"ref101","article-title":"inventor Near - infrared electromagnetic modification of cellular steady - state membrane potentials US patent application","volume":"12","author":"Bornstein","year":"2008"},{"key":"ref121","article-title":"DM Laser antisepsis of Porphyromonas gingivalis in vitro with dental lasers in Proceedings from the Society of Photo - Optical Instrumentation Engineers San CA","volume":"25","author":"Harris","year":"2004"},{"key":"ref91","first-page":"870","article-title":"ES resistance reversal at physiologic temperatures in mrsa in the nares with an nm and nm dual wavelength Noveon laser Abstract presented at San CA","author":"Bornstein","year":"2008","journal-title":"Antimicrobial Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine International Society"},{"key":"ref811","article-title":"inventors Method and apparatus for treating a diseased nail US patent application September","volume":"21","author":"Demetriou","year":"2006"},{"key":"ref181","article-title":"single - 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