{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,8]],"date-time":"2026-07-08T10:22:26Z","timestamp":1783506146541,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J Am Podiatr Med Assoc"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2012,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The angle of turnout is thought to predispose professional dancers to overuse musculoskeletal injuries of the lower limb; yet, the influence of angle of turnout on foot posture is currently unknown.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Twelve professional contemporary dancers (five women and seven men; mean age, 26.8 years) were recruited. The angle of gait and angle of turnout were measured using a quasi-static clinical tracing method. Foot posture was assessed in the base of gait and angle of turnout using the Foot Posture Index. Each dancer completed a dance history and injury questionnaire.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      The results show a tendency toward a pronated foot posture (mean, 9\u00b0) in the angle of turnout position. A significant relationship was noted between the Foot Posture Index and angle of turnout (\u03c1 = 0.933\u20130.968,\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      &lt; .01) and between the number of reported injuries and change in foot posture in the angle of turnout (\u03c1 = 0.789,\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      &lt; .01) (right foot only). Twenty-eight injuries were reported; male dancers experienced a mean of 2.8 injuries and females a mean of 1.6 injuries. An inverse relationship was noted between age at training initiation and total reported injuries (\n                      <jats:italic>r<\/jats:italic>\n                      =\u22120.867,\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      &lt; .01). All of the dancers reported a history of injury to the spine or lower limb, and 9 of the 12 reported an injury within the previous 12 months.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Turnout is one of the most fundamental aspects of dance technique. This study suggests a trend toward pronation in angle of turnout and a link to lower-limb musculoskeletal injury. 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